2012年美國(guó)的人權(quán)紀(jì)錄（全文）
Full text: Human Rights Record of the United States in 2012
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| 六、關(guān)于侵犯他國(guó)人權(quán) | VI. On U.S. Violations of Human Rights against Other Nations |
| 美國(guó)是冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后世界上對(duì)外發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)最頻繁的國(guó)家。美國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)的伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)造成大量平民傷亡。制止戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)聯(lián)盟網(wǎng)站2012年6月14日的文章說，2001－2011年間，每年約有14000至110000名平民死于美國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的“反恐戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”。聯(lián)合國(guó)駐阿富汗援助團(tuán)推算，2007年到2011年7月，至少有10292名阿富汗平民被打死。伊拉克“死亡人數(shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)項(xiàng)目”記錄，2003年至2011年8月，有約115000名平民死亡。在巴基斯坦、也門和索馬里，有許多平民死于美軍炮火。2004年至2012年6月，巴基斯坦至少有484名平民死于美軍襲擊行動(dòng)，其中包括168名兒童。美軍在也門的攻擊行動(dòng)造成了56名平民死亡。（見注68）駐阿富汗美軍頻繁使用無人機(jī)越過阿富汗和巴基斯坦邊界，對(duì)巴基斯坦邊界地帶發(fā)動(dòng)攻擊。（見注69）2012年9月25日《每日郵報(bào)》報(bào)道稱，美國(guó)無人轟炸機(jī)在巴基斯坦境內(nèi)殺死的每50人中，只有一個(gè)是恐怖分子，其余49人都是無辜平民。（見注70） | Since the end of the Cold War, the U.S. has waged wars on other countries most frequently. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, both started by the U.S., have caused massive civilian casualties. From 2001 to 2011, the U.S.-led "war on terror" killed between 14,000 and 110,000 per year, said an article posted on the website of Stop the War Coalition on June 14, 2012 (stopwar.org.uk, June 14, 2012). The UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) tallied at least 10,292 non-combatants killed from 2007 to July 2011. The Iraq Body Count project records approximately 115,000 civilians killed in the cross-fire from 2003 to August 2011. According to the article, beyond the two states under occupation, the "War on Terror" has spilled into a number of neighboring countries including Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia, killing a great many civilians there. From 2004 to the time the article was written, a minimum of 484 civilians, including 168 children, were killed in strikes that occurred in Pakistan. It was also reported by the media that strikes resulted in 56 civilian deaths in Yemen, the article added. A news report, posted on BBC's website on September 25, 2012, pointed at recurrent U.S. drone attacks in the border regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan (www.bbc.co.uk, September 25, 2012). "Just one in 50 victims of America's deadly drone strikes in Pakistan are terrorists - while the rest are innocent civilians," said an article posted on September 25, 2012, on the website of the Daily Mail (www.dailymail.co.uk, September 25, 2012). |
| 駐阿富汗美軍無端屠殺平民。2012年3月11日凌晨3時(shí)，駐阿富汗美軍士兵羅伯特·貝爾斯走出位于南部省份坎大哈的基地，來到附近的一個(gè)小村莊，進(jìn)入兩戶人家。他在第一戶人家開槍打死了一名男子，屋里其他人逃到了鄰居家躲避。貝爾斯接著又去了第二戶人家，開槍打死3人，打傷6人。貝爾斯返回基地，與一名士兵聊了一會(huì)后又離開軍營(yíng)，到另一個(gè)村莊，闖入一戶人家，射殺了10多名熟睡的村民。貝爾斯總計(jì)殺死17名無辜村民，其中包括9名兒童。行兇之后，貝爾斯還把多具尸體聚攏在一起，放火燒毀。（見注71） | U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan also kill civilians for no reason. U.S. soldier Robert Bales was reported to walk out of a military base in the southern province of Kandahar at 3 o'clock on the night of March 11, 2012 and killed 17 civilians, including nine children. Bales split the slaughter into two episodes, returning to his base after the first attack and later slipping away to kill again. He first came to one family in a nearby village and shot a man dead, which scared others in the family to hide in neighborhood. Then he went to a second family and shot dead three people and injured six. Afterwards, he returned to his base and left for another village after chatting with one soldier at the base. In the village, he broke into a family and shot dead more than 10 people who were sound asleep. After the massacre, he collected some of the bodies and burned them.( The Agence France-Presse, March 23, 2012; The Associated Press, March 24, 2012; The Huffington Post, November, 11, 2012) |
| 以美國(guó)為首的軍事行動(dòng)制造了生態(tài)災(zāi)難，伊拉克戰(zhàn)后兒童出生缺陷率 “驚人增加”。（見注72）國(guó)際石油變革組織負(fù)責(zé)人史蒂夫·克雷茨曼說：“2003年3月到2007年12月，伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是相當(dāng)于至少1.41億噸二氧化碳排放的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住@場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的排放量超過了其他國(guó)家總量的60%。”（見注73）英國(guó)《獨(dú)立報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2012年10月14日?qǐng)?bào)道稱，由于美軍使用了釋放金屬污染物的白磷彈等，伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后，伊拉克嬰兒的出生缺陷率大幅增加。在曾經(jīng)發(fā)生兩場(chǎng)激烈戰(zhàn)斗的伊拉克城市費(fèi)盧杰，嬰兒出生缺陷率由戰(zhàn)前的10%猛增到2007－2010年的50%以上，孕婦流產(chǎn)率在2004年后兩年內(nèi)由10%躍升到45%。 | U.S.-led military operations have also brought forth ecological disasters. An article posted on the website of The Independent on October 14, 2012 cited a study that reported a "staggering rise" in birth defects among Iraqi children conceived in the aftermath of the war (www.independent.co.uk, October 14, 2012). Steve Kretzmann, director of Oil Change International, said that the Iraq war was responsible for at least 141 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO2e) from March 2003 through December 2007, according to a piece posted on December 21, 2009 on coto2.wordpress.com (coto2.wordpress.com, December 21, 2009). "The war emits more than 60 percent of all countries," said Kretzmann. A study, cited by an article posted on the website of The Independent on October 14, 2012, linked a huge rise that Iraq had recorded since the war in birth defects with military actions in which American forces used metal contaminant-releasing white phosphorus shells. It found that in the Iraqi city of Fallujah, which saw two of the heaviest battles during the Iraq war, more than half of all babies surveyed were born with a birth defect between 2007 and 2010. Before the war, the figure was more like one in 10. More than 45 percent of all pregnancies surveyed ended in miscarriage in the two years after 2004, up from the previous 10 percent (www.independent.co.uk, October 14, 2012). |
| 美國(guó)士兵嚴(yán)重侮辱阿富汗人的尊嚴(yán)，褻瀆他們的宗教感情。法新社2012年9月24日?qǐng)?bào)道稱，在2011年7月的一次軍事行動(dòng)中，4名美國(guó)海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)員一邊笑著一邊向3具血淋淋的尸體撒尿，其中一名美軍沖著其中的一具尸體說：“伙計(jì)，祝你有美好的一天。”他們把這個(gè)過程錄了下來，并在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上傳播。2012年2月，美軍駐阿富汗巴格拉姆空軍基地的士兵把一批伊斯蘭宗教書籍運(yùn)到垃圾填埋場(chǎng)焚燒，其中包括500本《古蘭經(jīng)》，激起公憤。（見注74） | U.S. soldiers have also severely insulted Afghan people's dignity and blasphemed against their religion. The AFP reported on September 24, 2012 that during a counter-insurgency operation in July 2011, four U.S. Marines urinated on three bloodied bodies of dead Taliban fighters, and one said, "Have a great day, buddy," to one of the dead. A videotape depicting their actions was recorded and later circulated on the Internet (The Agence France-Presse, September 24, 2012). In February 2012, U.S. troops at Bagram air base provoked public indignation by taking a batch of religious materials, including 500 copies of the Koran, to the incinerator, said a news story posted on the website of the Washington Post on August 27, 2012 (www.washingtonpost.com, August 27, 2012). |
| 美國(guó)在關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄長(zhǎng)期非法關(guān)押外國(guó)人，截至2012年1月，該監(jiān)獄中仍然關(guān)押著171人。（見注75）美國(guó)拒絕給予他們?nèi)諆?nèi)瓦公約規(guī)定的戰(zhàn)俘權(quán)利，并用酷刑虐待他們。美國(guó)相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)透露，為逼迫關(guān)押在關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄中的嫌犯招供，美方曾對(duì)部分犯人施水刑多達(dá)100余次，有時(shí)使用半自動(dòng)武器或電鉆加以脅迫，甚至以性侵嫌犯母親相威脅。（見注76）2012年9月，也門人阿德南·法爾漢·拉蒂夫死于關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄，成為第9個(gè)死于該監(jiān)獄的囚犯。他從2002年1月關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄成立起就被關(guān)押在那里，但是從未受到刑事指控。（見注77）聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)事務(wù)高級(jí)專員皮萊2012年1月23日發(fā)表公開聲明稱，關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄存在包括酷刑在內(nèi)的嚴(yán)重侵犯人權(quán)行為，但是侵犯人權(quán)者未受應(yīng)有懲罰。（見注78） 有美國(guó)知名人士指出，美國(guó)政府的反恐政策至少違反了《世界人權(quán)宣言》30條規(guī)定中的10條，包括禁止“殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或懲罰”。（見注79） | The U.S. army has for long detained foreigners illegally at the Guantanamo prison. By January 2012, 171 people were still held there, said an article posted on the website of Watching America on January 17, 2012. They were denied the rights accorded to prisoners of war under the Geneva Conventions, and savagely tortured (www.watchingamerica, January 17, 2012). American authorities have revealed that, in order to obtain confessions, some of the few being tried (only in military courts) have been tortured by waterboarding more than 100 times or intimidated with semiautomatic weapons, power drills or threats to sexually assault their mothers, said an article posted on the website of the New York Times on June 24, 2012 (www.nytimes.com, June 24, 2012). Media reported that in September 2012, a 32-year-old Yemeni named Adnan Farhan Abdul Latif died at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, the ninth to have died there while in custody. He had been held at the detention camp since it was established in January 2002, without being charged with any crime (abcnews.go.com). On January 23, 2012, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay spoke out against the failure by the U.S. to close the Guantanamo Bay detention facility and to ensure accountability for serious violations - including torture - that took place there (www.un.org, January 23, 2012). A noted American wrote in an article that the American government's counterterrorism policies "are now clearly violating at least 10 of the declaration's 30 articles, including the prohibition against 'cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment'" (www.nytimes.com, June 24, 2012). |
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美國(guó)拒絕承認(rèn)絕大多數(shù)國(guó)家普遍重視的發(fā)展權(quán)。2012年9月舉行的人權(quán)理事會(huì)第21次會(huì)議通過發(fā)展權(quán)決議時(shí)，美國(guó)是唯一投反對(duì)票的國(guó)家。第67屆聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)以188票贊成、3票反對(duì)、2票棄權(quán)再次通過決議，要求美國(guó)中止對(duì)古巴長(zhǎng)達(dá)半個(gè)世紀(jì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)封鎖。美國(guó)不顧絕大多數(shù)聯(lián)合國(guó)成員的意愿，繼續(xù)投了反對(duì)票。（見注80） 注68：制止戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)聯(lián)盟網(wǎng)站（stopwar.org.uk），2012年6月14日。 注69：英國(guó)廣播公司網(wǎng)站（www.bbc.co.uk），2012年9月25日。 注70：每日郵報(bào)網(wǎng)站（www.dailymail.co.uk），2012年9月25日。 注71：法新社，2012年3月23日；美聯(lián)社，2012年3月24日；《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.huffingtonpost.com），2012年11月11日。 注72：英國(guó)《獨(dú)立報(bào)》網(wǎng)站，2012年10月14日。 注73：coto2.wordpress.com，2009年12月21日。 注74：美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)（edition.cnn.com），2012年2月22日。 注75：美國(guó)觀察網(wǎng)站（watchingamerica.com），2012年1月17日。 注76：《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.nytimes.com），2012年6月24日。 注77：美國(guó)廣播公司網(wǎng)站（abcnews.go.com），2012年9月11日。 注78：聯(lián)合國(guó)網(wǎng)站（www.un.org），2012年1月23日。 注79：《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.nytimes.com），2012年6月24日。 注80：聯(lián)合國(guó)文件編號(hào)：GA/11311。 |
The U.S. refuses to acknowledge "the right to development," which is a common concern among the majority of countries. In September 2012, the 21st session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (HRC) adopted a resolution on "the right to development." Except an abstention vote from the U.S., all the HRC members voted for the resolution. The 67th session of the UN General Assembly overwhelmingly adopted the 21st consecutive resolution, by a recorded vote of 188 in favor to three against with two abstentions, calling for an end to the U.S.' 50-plus years of economic blockade against Cuba. One of the three dissenting votes was from the U.S. (United Nations document number GA/11311) |
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