《西藏的發(fā)展與進步》白皮書
White Paper: Development and Progress of Tibet
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調(diào)整字號大小: 
| 四、文化保護和宗教信仰自由 | IV. Cultural Preservation and Freedom of Religious Belief |
| 西藏文化是中華民族文化的重要組成部分，以其獨特魅力吸引著世人。多年來，中央政府和西藏自治區(qū)政府傾力保護和弘揚西藏優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化，大力發(fā)展社會主義先進文化，努力建設(shè)中華民族特色文化保護地，使西藏文化得到了保護與發(fā)展。 | As an important part of Chinese culture, Tibetan culture attracts people from all over the world with its unique charm. Over the years, the Central Government and the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have worked together to preserve and promote the outstanding traditional Tibetan culture while developing advanced socialist culture, and to protect places of unique folk cultures. Their efforts have reaped fruits, and Tibetan culture is now well preserved and developed. |
| 保護和發(fā)展藏語言文字 | Preserving and developing the spoken and written Tibetan language |
| 藏語文學習使用受到法律保護?！吨腥A人民共和國憲法》、《中華人民共和國民族區(qū)域自治法》和《中華人民共和國國家通用語言文字法》均明確規(guī)定，保障少數(shù)民族使用和發(fā)展本民族語言文字的自由。西藏自治區(qū)先后頒布實施《西藏自治區(qū)學習、使用和發(fā)展藏語文的若干規(guī)定(試行)》、《西藏自治區(qū)學習、使用和發(fā)展藏語文的若干規(guī)定(試行)的實施細則》和《西藏自治區(qū)學習、使用和發(fā)展藏語文的規(guī)定》，將學習、使用和發(fā)展藏語言文字工作納入法制化軌道。 | The study and use of the Tibetan language and script are protected by law in China. The Constitution, Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and Law on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language have articles protecting the freedom of ethnic minorities to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. The Tibet Autonomous Region enacted the Several Provisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Study, Use and Development of the Tibetan Language (For Trial Implementation), Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Provisions, and the formal version, finally making this work solidly law-based. |
| 西藏教育系統(tǒng)推行以藏語文授課為主的雙語教學體系。目前，所有農(nóng)牧區(qū)和部分城鎮(zhèn)小學實行藏漢語文同步教學，主要課程用藏語授課。中學階段也同時用藏語文和漢語授課，并在內(nèi)地西藏班中學開設(shè)藏語文課。截至2012年底，西藏實施雙語教學的小學在校學生282914人，占小學在校生總數(shù)的96.88％；中學在校學生177981人，占中學在校生總數(shù)的90.63％。現(xiàn)有雙語教師23085人，各級各類學校有藏語專任教師3700人。 | Bilingual education, with Tibetan as the principal language, is widespread in Tibet. At present, primary schools in all farming and pastoral areas and some urban areas use both Tibetan and Chinese in teaching, but mostly Tibetan for the major courses. Middle schools also use both languages, and Tibetan classes in middle schools in inland areas also have lessons in Tibetan. By the end of 2012 there were 282,914 primary school students and 177,981 middle school students receiving bilingual education, accounting for 96.88 percent and 90.63 percent of the total respectively in Tibet. Now there are 23,085 bilingual teachers, and 3,700 Tibetan language teachers at schools at different levels. |
| 藏語文在政治生活中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。各級人民代表大會通過的決議、法規(guī)，西藏各級人民政府及所屬部門發(fā)布的正式文件和公告都使用藏、漢兩種文字。在司法訴訟程序中，對藏族訴訟參與人都使用藏語文審理案件，法律文書也使用藏文。目前，自治區(qū)黨委、人大、政府、政協(xié)辦公廳翻譯室，各地(市)編譯局和所有縣翻譯室都實現(xiàn)了辦公自動化。全區(qū)每年的翻譯總量達6000多萬字。各單位的公章、證件、表格、信封、信箋、稿紙、標識以及機關(guān)、廠礦、學校、車站、機場、商店、賓館、餐館、劇場、旅游景點、體育場館、圖書館等的標牌和街道、交通路標等，均使用藏、漢兩種文字。 | Tibetan is widely used in political life. Resolutions, laws and regulations adopted at people's congresses at all levels, and formal documents and declarations published by people's governments at different levels and their subsidiary departments in Tibet are written in both Tibetan and Chinese. In judicial proceedings, Tibetan is used to try cases involving litigants of the Tibetan group; and the Tibetan language is used in writing the legal documents. Automation has been realized in the translation and interpretation departments of the Party Committee, People's Congress, People's Government and CPPCC office of the Tibet Autonomous Region, and such offices at prefecture and county levels. The word count of translation in Tibet is more than 60 million each year. Both Tibetan and Chinese are used in official seals, credentials and certificates, forms, envelopes and letter paper, writing paper, identifiers, signs of work units, factories and mines, schools, stations, airports, shops, hotels, restaurants, theaters, scenic spots, sports venues, libraries, and street and traffic signs. |
| 藏語文類精神文化產(chǎn)品更加豐富。西藏共有14種藏文雜志、10種藏文報紙。西藏人民廣播電臺開辦有42個藏語(包括康巴語)節(jié)目、欄目，藏語新聞綜合頻率每天播音達21小時，康巴語廣播頻率每天播音18小時，西藏電視臺藏語衛(wèi)視24小時播出節(jié)目。2012年，西藏自治區(qū)出版藏文書籍780種，印數(shù)達431萬冊。 | More and more intellectual and cultural products in Tibetan are appearing. There are 14 Tibetan-language magazines and ten Tibetan-language newspapers in Tibet. Tibet People's Radio has 42 programs and columns in Tibetan (including Khampa); its Tibetan-language news channel broadcasts 21 hours a day, and its Khampa channel broadcasts 18 hours a day. Tibet TV Station has a Tibetan-language channel broadcasting 24 hours a day. In 2012 some 780 titles of books in the Tibetan language were published in the Tibet Autonomous Region, with a total of 4.31 million copies. |
| 藏語文使用邁入信息化。藏文字符計算機編碼已通過國家標準和國際標準。國內(nèi)自主開發(fā)的藏文編輯系統(tǒng)、激光照排系統(tǒng)、電子出版系統(tǒng)得到廣泛應(yīng)用。通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和手機等藏語文平臺，瀏覽閱讀、收聽、收看國內(nèi)外新聞和各類資訊，成為眾多藏語文用戶日常生活的一部分。 | In addition, the use of Tibetan is becoming more and more IT-based. Computer coding of Tibetan characters has met the national and international standards. Tibetan editing, laser phototypesetting and electronic publishing developed independently by China are extensively applied. Through the Internet, mobile phones and other means, Tibetans can read, listen to and watch domestic and international news and get all types of information, which has become part of their daily life. |
| 國家在保護和發(fā)展藏語言文字的同時，也在包括民族地區(qū)在內(nèi)的全國各地公民中推廣漢語普通話?！吨腥A人民共和國國家通用語言文字法》規(guī)定：“國家推廣普通話，推行規(guī)范漢字”、“公民有學習和使用國家通用語言文字的權(quán)利”，以“促進各民族、各地區(qū)經(jīng)濟文化交流”，“國家通用語言文字的使用應(yīng)當有利于維護國家主權(quán)和民族尊嚴，有利于國家統(tǒng)一和民族團結(jié)，有利于社會主義物質(zhì)文明建設(shè)和精神文明建設(shè)”。在中國，任何個人和組織都不能以保護和發(fā)展本民族語言文字為借口，抵觸或反對推廣、學習和使用國家通用語言文字。 | While preserving and developing the Tibetan language, the State also popularizes standard Chinese around the country, including in regions inhabited by ethnic minorities. According to the Law on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language, "the State popularizes modern standard Chinese and standardized Chinese characters" and "every Chinese citizen has the right to learn and use the standard spoken and written Chinese language" so as to "promote economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups and regions." In addition, "The use of the standard spoken and written Chinese language should help maintain state sovereignty and national dignity, safeguard state unification and national unity, and promote socialist material, cultural and ethical progress." In China, no individual or organization shall oppose the popularization, study and use of standard spoken and written Chinese language on the pretext of protecting and developing the language and script of their ethnic group. |
| 保護和弘揚優(yōu)秀文化遺產(chǎn) | Preserving and carrying forward outstanding cultural heritages |
| 文物古跡得到有效保護。西藏自治區(qū)先后頒布《西藏自治區(qū)人民政府關(guān)于加強文物保護的布告》、《西藏自治區(qū)文物保護管理條例》等法規(guī)和規(guī)定，文物保護工作日益法制化、規(guī)范化。目前，西藏有各類文物點4277處(其中國家級55處、自治區(qū)級210處)，館藏文物232萬件(套)。布達拉宮、羅布林卡、大昭寺被列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄，拉薩、日喀則、江孜被列為國家級歷史文化名城，西藏博物館被列為國家一級博物館。2000年以來，中央先后投入資金20.4億元，實施了一系列重點文物保護維修工程。其中，布達拉宮、羅布林卡、薩迦寺三大重點文物保護維修工程投資3.8億余元。 | Cultural relics and historic sites have been effectively preserved in the Tibet Autonomous Region, which has issued the Notice of the Tibet Autonomous Region People's Government on Strengthening the Protection of Cultural Relics, and Regulations of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Protection of Cultural Relics, and some other laws and regulations to ensure that cultural relics are protected in accordance with the law and due procedures. Currently, Tibet has 4,277 cultural relics sites (including 55 state-level ones and 210 regional ones), and 2.32 million items of cultural relics are in their collection. The Potala Palace, the Norbulingka and Jokhang Temple are on the World Heritage List. Lhasa, Shigatse and Gyangtse are honored as State-level Historical and Cultural Cities. Tibet Museum is a state-level museum. Since 2000 the Central Government has invested 2.04 billion yuan in key projects for the preservation and maintenance of cultural relics in Tibet, among which more than 380 million yuan has been used in the three key projects of the Potala Palace, Norbulingka and Sakya Monastery. |
| 非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)得到有效保護、傳承和發(fā)展。西藏自治區(qū)及各地市成立了民族文化遺產(chǎn)搶救、整理和研究機構(gòu)，對民間文化藝術(shù)遺產(chǎn)進行全面普查。先后編輯出版了《中國戲曲志·西藏卷》、《中國民族民間舞蹈集成·西藏卷》、《中國民族民間器樂曲集成·西藏卷》等十大文藝集成志書，收集整理民族音樂、歌曲、曲藝一萬余首，文字資料3000多萬字。目前，西藏有非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項目近800個，傳統(tǒng)戲劇演出機構(gòu)80多個，傳承人1177名。其中，藏戲和《格薩爾》史詩被列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄，藏族唐卡、藏族造紙技藝等75個項目被列入國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄，68名傳承人被認定為國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項目代表性傳承人，323個項目和227名傳承人入選自治區(qū)級名錄，158部珍貴古籍入選國家珍貴古籍名錄。文化部和西藏自治區(qū)先后命名了5個國家級民間藝術(shù)之鄉(xiāng)、19個自治區(qū)級民間藝術(shù)之鄉(xiāng)、2個特色藝術(shù)之鄉(xiāng)。 | The region's intangible cultural heritage has been effectively preserved, promoted and developed. The Regional People's Government and local prefectural (city) governments have set up special organizations to salvage, collate and study the Tibetan cultural heritage, making a general survey of the cultural and artistic heritage of the Tibetan group. These organizations have edited and published Chronicles of Chinese Dramas: Tibet; Collection of Folk Dances: Tibet; Collection of National Instrumental Folk Music: Tibet, and seven other collections, including over 10,000 pieces of folk music, songs and other art forms and over 30 million characters of literary data. Currently, Tibet has nearly 800 intangible cultural heritage projects, over 80 performance troupes of traditional dramas and 1,177 inheritors of such intangible cultural heritage. Tibetan opera and the Gesar epic have been included in UNESCO's Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Tibetan Thangka, Tibetan papermaking technique and 73 other cultural items have been included in China's Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage, and 68 inheritors of such cultural items have been affirmed as representative inheritors of China's Intangible Heritage projects; 323 projects and 227 inheritors have been put on the Tibet Regional List of Intangible Heritage; and 158 books have been put on the State List of Valuable Ancient Books. The Ministry of Culture and Tibet Autonomous Region have named five places as national homes of folk art, 19 as regional homes of folk art, and two as homes of special art. |
| 大力發(fā)展藏醫(yī)藥事業(yè) | Developing traditional Tibetan medicine |
| 西藏自治區(qū)把藏醫(yī)藥事業(yè)發(fā)展作為醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生工作的戰(zhàn)略重點，制定出臺了《關(guān)于加強藏醫(yī)藥工作的決定》、《西藏自治區(qū)人民政府關(guān)于進一步扶持和促進藏醫(yī)藥事業(yè)發(fā)展的意見》等一系列重要文件，使藏醫(yī)藥學得到保護和發(fā)展。西藏各級藏醫(yī)醫(yī)療機構(gòu)注重發(fā)揮特色優(yōu)勢，開展了藏醫(yī)藥特色專科、專藥等方面的研究和實踐。大力開展藏醫(yī)藥典籍、文獻挖掘整理工作，編輯出版了《四部醫(yī)典大詳解》等寶貴文獻。目前，西藏有藏醫(yī)醫(yī)療機構(gòu)19所，在50多所縣醫(yī)院設(shè)有藏醫(yī)科，藏醫(yī)服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)基本覆蓋全區(qū)。藏藥生產(chǎn)由手工作坊向現(xiàn)代工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)邁進，藏藥加工實現(xiàn)標準化、規(guī)范化、規(guī)?；?。目前，西藏注冊的20家藏藥生產(chǎn)企業(yè)全部通過了GMP(優(yōu)良制作標準)認證，能夠生產(chǎn)360多個藏藥品種，一些藏藥產(chǎn)品銷往全國各地和部分國家，藏藥產(chǎn)值達數(shù)億元?，F(xiàn)代藏醫(yī)學已經(jīng)走向全國和世界，服務(wù)越來越多的人。 | The People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region has made the development of traditional Tibetan medicine a key part of its health care strategy. It has drawn up the Decision on Strengthening Traditional Tibetan Medicine Work, Opinions of the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region on Providing More Support to and Promoting the Development of Traditional Tibetan Medicine and some other related documents. These measures are conducive to the protection and development of traditional Tibetan medicine. Tibetan medical establishments at all levels in Tibet exploit their advantages to the full, and study special traditional Tibetan medical treatment techniques and drugs and put them into practice. They collate ancient books, records and documents on traditional Tibetan medicine, and have compiled and published the Annotations on the Four Canons of Medicine and other important documents in this field. Currently, Tibet has 19 Tibetan medical establishments, and over 50 county-level hospitals have departments of Tibetan medicine, making Tibetan medicine accessible to people throughout the region. Traditional Tibetan drugs are now produced in modern factories instead of small manual workshops, meaning they are produced in scale according to standardized procedures. The 20 Tibetan drug manufacturers registered in Tibet all have the GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) certificate, and produce over 360 types of Tibetan medicine. Their products are sold in China and some foreign countries. The total value of their products reaches 100 million yuan or more. Traditional Tibetan medicine has gone beyond Tibet, and is now serving more and more people, both in China and around the world. |
| 尊重和保護民族風俗習慣 | Respecting and protecting customs and folkways of ethnic minorities |
| 國家尊重和保障西藏各族人民按照自己的傳統(tǒng)風俗習慣生活和進行社會活動的權(quán)利，尊重和保障他們按照自己的意愿進行正常的宗教信奉、祭祀活動以及參加重大的宗教和民間節(jié)日活動的自由。西藏各族人民在保持本民族的服飾、飲食、住房的傳統(tǒng)方式和風格的同時，在衣食住行、婚喪嫁娶各方面也吸收了不少新的現(xiàn)代文化習俗。拉薩雪頓節(jié)、日喀則珠峰文化藝術(shù)節(jié)、山南雅礱藝術(shù)節(jié)、林芝大峽谷文化旅游節(jié)、昌都康巴藝術(shù)節(jié)、那曲恰青賽馬節(jié)、阿里象雄文化藝術(shù)節(jié)等節(jié)慶得到恢復和創(chuàng)新，成為地域性民族文化品牌。三八婦女節(jié)、五一勞動節(jié)、六一兒童節(jié)、十一國慶節(jié)等全國乃至世界性的新興節(jié)慶集會越來越受歡迎，形成了既有民族特色又有時代精神的新風俗、新習慣。在物質(zhì)生活日益改善的條件下，每個節(jié)日都是群眾精神上的一次盛宴，增加了越來越多的休閑娛樂內(nèi)容。與親朋好友一起過林卡是西藏百姓的休閑首選，表演歌舞的朗瑪廳、遍布大街小巷的甜茶館等是業(yè)余娛樂的主要場所。 | The State respects and protects the right of all ethnic groups in Tibet to live and conduct social activities according to their own traditional customs and folkways; it respects and protects their freedom in attending normal religious service, performing sacrificial rituals, and taking part in major religious activities and folk festivals. While maintaining their traditional ways and styles of clothing, diet and housing, people of all ethnic groups in Tibet have absorbed new, modern customs in terms of clothing, food, housing, transportation, and wedding and funeral ceremonies. The Shoton Festival in Lhasa, Mt. Qomolangma Culture and Art Festival in Shigatse, Yarlung Art Festival in Shannan, the Great Canyon Culture and Tourism Festival in Nyingchi, Kham Art Festival in Qamdo, Horse Racing Festival in Nagqu, Shangshung Culture and Art Festival in Ngari, and some other festivals have been revived. National and international festivals such as the March 8th International Women's Day, May 1st Labor Day, June 1st Children's Day, and October 1st National Day are becoming more and more popular. New customs and habits have been formed encompassing both national characteristics and spirit of the time. While the people's material life keeps improving, every festival is a feast for the mind, giving them more and more recreational activities. Tibetan people like to spend the Incense Festival with relatives and friends; while Langma halls for song and dance performance and sweet tea houses are major places for Tibetan leisure and recreational activities. |
| 不斷提高公共文化服務(wù)水平 | Constantly enhancing public cultural services |
| 近年來，西藏自治區(qū)不斷加大投入，加強文化基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，通過實施廣播電視“村村通”、“戶戶通”，建設(shè)縣鄉(xiāng)村圖書館及文化館站(室)，開展有線電視數(shù)字化，推廣數(shù)字圖書館，建設(shè)公共電子閱覽室，以及實施農(nóng)家書屋、寺廟書屋、“春雨工程”全國文化志愿者邊疆行等文化惠民工程，切實保障人民群眾的文化權(quán)益。到2012年底，已建群眾藝術(shù)館8座、圖書館77座、博物館2座、縣級綜合文化活動中心73個、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)綜合文化站239個、村文化室500余座，文化信息資源共享工程自治區(qū)中心1座、縣級分中心73座、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)基層點103個、村級服務(wù)點3000多個，初步形成了從自治區(qū)到地(市)、縣、鄉(xiāng)、村的文化設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)格局。2012年，自治區(qū)完成5.05萬戶農(nóng)牧民的廣播電視“戶戶通”建設(shè)任務(wù)，全區(qū)85％以上的農(nóng)牧戶實現(xiàn)“戶戶通”。拉薩市區(qū)131個單位(小區(qū))完成有線數(shù)字電視整體轉(zhuǎn)換，建成5個地市核心分平臺。全面實現(xiàn)農(nóng)牧區(qū)電影放映數(shù)字化，在農(nóng)牧區(qū)放映公益電影13萬余場。2012年，全年譯制電視節(jié)目突破1萬小時、電影75部。全區(qū)已建立農(nóng)家書屋5451個、寺廟書屋1700多個，實現(xiàn)所有行政村有農(nóng)家書屋、所有藏傳佛教寺廟有寺廟書屋。全區(qū)有10個專業(yè)文藝團體，20多個縣級民間藝術(shù)團，160余支業(yè)余文藝演出隊和民間藏戲團隊，有各門類文化藝術(shù)工作者4000余人，以藏族為主的文化藝術(shù)隊伍不斷發(fā)展壯大。專業(yè)藝術(shù)團體不斷加大藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作力度，推出京劇與藏戲《文成公主》，大型歌舞《多彩哈達》、《天上西藏》、《西藏春天》，話劇《解放，解放》、《扎西崗》，電影《唐卡》等等。西藏對外文化交流日趨頻繁。60年來，先后派出團(組)360多個，近4000人(次)，訪問了50多個國家和地區(qū)，在海外110多個城市進行了文化交流演出，接待30多個國家和地區(qū)的200余名專家學者赴藏演出、講學和舉辦展覽。 | In recent years Tibet has invested more and more in building its cultural infrastructure. Radio and television are accessible to every village and household, and there are libraries and cultural centers at county, township and village levels, popularized digital TV on the basis of cable TV and digital libraries, electronic reading rooms for the public, and other cultural projects for the people, including libraries in the countryside and monasteries and the Spring Rain Project, in which cultural volunteers from other parts of China go to the frontier to serve the people there. Through these efforts, the local government tries to protect the people's cultural rights. By the end of 2012 Tibet had built eight people's art centers, 77 libraries, two museums, 73 county-level cultural centers, 239 township-level cultural stations, over 500 village cultural rooms. In addition, it had one regional center, 73 county-level sub-centers, 103 township-level stations, and over 3,000 village-level stations as part of the project for sharing cultural information and resources. As a result, a network of cultural facilities has taken shape, from the regional level at the top all the way to the villages at the bottom. In 2012 Tibet completed the task of providing radio and television access to 50,500 households of farmers and herdsmen, bringing the number of such households to over 85 percent of the total. Lhasa completed the digital conversion of cable TV in 131 communities, and built five core sub-platforms at the prefectural or city level. Digital film screening service is now available in all farming and pastoral areas, with films shown on over 130,000 occasions for free. In 2012 Tibet dubbed over 10,000 hours of TV programs and 75 films. It built 5,451 small libraries in the countryside and over 1,700 libraries in monasteries, making such facilities accessible in all administrative villages and all monasteries of Tibetan Buddhism. Tibet now has ten professional performing art troupes, over 20 county-level folk art troupes, over 160 amateur performing art and Tibetan opera troupes, and over 4,000 cultural and performing art professionals. Professional performing art troupes have worked harder in artistic creation, launching Princess Wencheng in Peking Opera and Tibetan Opera forms, Colorful Hada, Heavenly Tibet and Tibet Spring in song and dance performances, Liberation, Liberation and Tashigang in drama form, and a film titled Thangka. Moreover, Tibet has enhanced its cultural exchanges with other countries and regions. Over the past 60 years it has sent more than 360 groups or teams of nearly 4,000 people to over 50 countries and regions for visits and for performances in over 110 overseas cities. It has also received over 200 experts and scholars from over 30 countries and regions for performances, lectures and exhibitions. |
| 尊重和保護宗教信仰自由 | Respecting and protecting freedom of religious belief |
| 中國憲法規(guī)定，宗教信仰自由是公民的一項基本權(quán)利。西藏是一個藏傳佛教、苯教、伊斯蘭教和天主教等多種宗教并存的地區(qū)，在藏傳佛教內(nèi)部還存在不同教派。經(jīng)過民主改革，西藏廢除政教合一制度，實行政教分離，去除被封建農(nóng)奴制度玷污了的東西，恢復宗教的本來面目，實現(xiàn)了真正的宗教信仰自由和不同宗教、不同教派間的宗教寬容。中央政府和西藏自治區(qū)政府充分尊重公民的宗教信仰自由權(quán)利，各種宗教、各個教派都平等地得到尊重和保護，正常的宗教活動和宗教信仰依法受到保護。目前，西藏有各類宗教活動場所1787座，住寺僧尼4.6萬余人，活佛358名。藏傳佛教是西藏大多數(shù)群眾信奉的宗教。寺廟學經(jīng)、辯經(jīng)、晉升學位、受戒、灌頂、修行等傳統(tǒng)宗教活動正常進行，每逢重大宗教節(jié)日都循例舉行各種活動?；罘疝D(zhuǎn)世作為藏傳佛教特有的傳承方式得到國家的尊重，目前已有40多位新轉(zhuǎn)世活佛按歷史定制和宗教儀軌得到認定。 | According to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Chinese citizens enjoy freedom of religious belief as a basic right. In Tibet, Tibetan Buddhism, Bon, Islam, Catholicism and some other religions coexist, and there are different sects within Tibetan Buddhism. After the democratic reform, Tibet abolished feudal serfdom under theocracy and separated religion from government, removed what had been tarnished by feudal serfdom and restored the true nature of religion, realizing true freedom of religious belief and religious tolerance between different religious beliefs and sects. The Central Government and the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region fully respect citizens' freedom of religious belief, respect and protect all religions and sects, and protect normal religious activities and beliefs according to law. Currently, Tibet has 1,787 places for different religious activities, over 46,000 resident monks and nuns, and 358 Living Buddhas. The majority of the people in Tibet believe in Tibetan Buddhism. Traditional religious activities such as scripture learning and debate, degree promotion, initiation into monkhood or nunhood, abhisheka (empowerment ceremony) and self-cultivation are held on a regular basis, while ceremonial activities are also held at important religious festivals. Living Buddha reincarnation is a special succession system of Tibetan Buddhism and is respected by the State. So far, over 40 incarnated Living Buddhas have been confirmed through traditional religious rituals and historical conventions. |
| 在今天的西藏，旅游者不難發(fā)現(xiàn)懸掛的經(jīng)幡、刻有佛教經(jīng)文的瑪尼堆以及從事宗教活動的信教群眾。信教群眾家中普遍設(shè)有經(jīng)堂或佛龕，轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)、朝佛、請寺廟僧尼做法事等宗教活動正常進行。西藏自治區(qū)及其7個地市均設(shè)有佛教協(xié)會，中國佛教協(xié)會西藏分會辦有佛學院、印經(jīng)院和藏文會刊《西藏佛教》。寺院的壁畫、雕刻、塑像、唐卡、經(jīng)卷、法器、佛龕等宗教文化載體，得到保護和修繕。大量宗教文獻典籍得到搶救、整理、出版。各寺廟的傳統(tǒng)印經(jīng)院得到繼承和發(fā)展，現(xiàn)有木如寺印經(jīng)院、布達拉宮印經(jīng)院等大型傳統(tǒng)印經(jīng)院近60家，年印經(jīng)卷6.3萬種，民間經(jīng)書銷售攤點20家。在宗教管理上，國家堅持政教分離的方針，依法加強對宗教活動的管理，宗教不得干預國家行政、司法和教育，任何個人或組織不得利用宗教從事違法活動。 | In present-day Tibet it is not difficult to see prayer flags, Mani stones inscribed with Buddhist scriptures, and believers taking part in religious activities. Ordinary believers usually have a scripture hall or a Buddha shrine at home, and such religious activities as circumambulation while reciting scriptures, Buddha worship, and inviting lamas or nuns from monasteries to hold religious rites are normally conducted. The Tibet Autonomous Region and its seven prefectures or cities have each set up a Buddhist Society; the Tibet Branch of the Buddhist Association of China runs a Buddhist college, a sutra printing house, and a Tibetan-language journal - Buddhism in Tibet. Tibet has protected and repaired murals, carvings, statues, Thangka, sutras, religious ritual implements, shrines, and some other carriers of religious culture. It has also salvaged, collated and published a great number of religious books and records. It has promoted the development of conventional sutra printing houses at monasteries. There are now nearly 60 such sutra printing houses in Tibet, including one in the Moru Monastery and one in the Potala Palace; they print 63,000 sutra titles every year. In addition, there are 20 private shops selling these sutras. Regarding religious management, the State upholds the policy of separating religion from government; it strengthens the administration of religious activities according to law, prohibits religion from intervening in the country's administration, justice system and education, and allows no individual or organization to use religion for illegal activities. |
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