《美國全球監(jiān)聽行動紀錄》全文
Full Text: The United States' Global Surveillance Record
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調(diào)整字號大小: 
| 一、美國在全球范圍廣泛從事秘密監(jiān)聽 | I. The United States conducts widespread secret surveillance across the globe |
| 1. 美國監(jiān)聽世界政要 | 1. The United States eavesdrops on world leaders |
| 2013年底，英國《衛(wèi)報》報道，包含聯(lián)合國秘書長潘基文、德國總理默克爾、巴西總統(tǒng)羅塞夫等多達35國領(lǐng)導人都出現(xiàn)在美國國家安全局的監(jiān)聽名單上。 | At the end of 2013, The Guardian reported that as many as 35 leaders were on the NSA surveillance list, including United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff. |
| 德國《明鏡》周刊今年3月29日援引斯諾登提供的文件披露，美國國家安全局2009年針對122名外國領(lǐng)導人實施監(jiān)控，并建有一個專門存放外國領(lǐng)導人信息的數(shù)據(jù)庫，其中關(guān)于德國總理默克爾的報告就有300份。名單從“A”開始，按每人名字的首字母順序排列，第一位是時任馬來西亞總理阿卜杜拉·巴達維，默克爾排在“A”區(qū)的第九位。122人名單的最后一位是尤利婭·季莫申科，時任烏克蘭總理。 | On March 29 this year, the German news magazine Der Spiegel, citing a secret document from Snowden, revealed that 122 world leaders were under NSA surveillance in 2009, and the agency built a secret database on world leaders which contains 300 reports on Merkel. The list is in alphabetical order by first name, starting from "A," with the then prime minister of Malaysia Abdullah Badawi heading the list and Merkel sitting at the 9th spot in the "A" zone. The last on the list was Yulia Tymoshenko, who was then prime minister of Ukraine. |
| 德國“明鏡在線”報道，聯(lián)合國總部、歐盟常駐聯(lián)合國代表團都在美國國家安全局的監(jiān)聽范圍之內(nèi)，監(jiān)聽內(nèi)容涉及政治、經(jīng)濟、商業(yè)等領(lǐng)域。 | According to Spiegel Online, the NSA spied on UN headquarters and the EU mission to the UN. The surveillance covers politics, the economy and commerce. |
| 美國國家安全局2012年夏季成功侵入了聯(lián)合國總部的內(nèi)部視頻電話會議設備，并破解了加密系統(tǒng)。被曝光的秘密文件說，“數(shù)據(jù)傳輸給我們送來了聯(lián)合國內(nèi)部視頻電話會議。” | In the summer of 2012, the NSA succeeded in breaking into the UN video conference system and cracking its encrypted system. "The data traffic gives us internal video teleconferences of the United Nations," Der Spiegel quoted one document as saying. |
| 美國《紐約時報》報道，2010年5月，當聯(lián)合國安理會考慮是否要因為伊朗的核計劃而制裁該國的時候，數(shù)個理事國的投票意向懸而未決。當時的美國駐聯(lián)合國大使蘇珊·賴斯請求美國國家安全局的協(xié)助，“以便她制定應對策略”。美國國家安全局很快起草出了監(jiān)控四個理事國外交官所需的法律文件。 | According to the New York Times, in May 2010, when the United Nations Security Council was considering whether or not to give sanctions against Iran over its nuclear program, several members were swinging. Susan Rice, then U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, asked the NSA for help "so that she could develop a strategy." The NSA swiftly drew up the paperwork to obtain legal approval for spying on the diplomats of four Security Council members. |
| 根據(jù)斯諾登曝光的文件，美國國家安全局已經(jīng)滲透的使館與使團名單包括巴西、保加利亞、哥倫比亞、歐盟、法國、格魯吉亞、希臘、印度、意大利、日本、墨西哥、斯洛文尼亞、南非、韓國、委內(nèi)瑞拉和越南。 | According to documents leaked by Snowden, the NSA has spied on delegations from and embassies of Brazil, Bulgaria, Columbia, the European Union, France, Georgia, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Venezuela and Vietnam, among others. |
| 除了聯(lián)合國總部，歐盟和國際原子能機構(gòu)的IT基礎設施和服務器信息已被美國掌握。歐盟駐聯(lián)合國機構(gòu)變換了辦公地點，搬進新的辦公室后，美國仍在繼續(xù)其竊聽行為。 | Apart from the UN Headquarters, the information technology infrastructure and servers of the EU and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have also been grasped by the U.S. . When the EU moved its UN office, the U.S. relocated its bugs. |
| 斯諾登提供給英國《衛(wèi)報》的一份文件顯示，美方設于英國北約克郡一處情報分支機構(gòu)在2009年的20國集團峰會上監(jiān)聽俄羅斯時任總統(tǒng)梅德韋杰夫與國內(nèi)的衛(wèi)星通話。這次監(jiān)聽的時間是梅德韋杰夫與美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬舉行會談后數(shù)小時，兩人在會談中剛剛就建立互信達成共識。 | A document released by Snowden to the Guardian reveals that American spies based in North Yorkshire in the UK intercepted the top-secret communications of then Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at the 2009 G20 Summit. This was just hours after Obama and Medvedev reached a consensus to build mutual trust during their talks. |
| 一份日期標注為2012年6月的機密文件顯示，當時還是墨西哥總統(tǒng)候選人的培尼亞的電子郵件曾被美國國家安全局秘密竊取，其內(nèi)容包括了培尼亞準備提名的部分內(nèi)閣成員等。美國國家安全局在竊取巴西總統(tǒng)羅塞夫的通訊資料時，使用了一種特殊的電腦程序，可以攔截電子郵件及網(wǎng)絡聊天的內(nèi)容。 | A classified document dated June 2012 shows that then Mexican presidential candidate Enrique Pena Nieto's emails about naming some cabinet members were read by the NSA. The U.S. secret service also monitored the communications of Brazil's President Dilma Rousseff and used a special software to track her emails and online chat. |
| 在2007年聯(lián)合國氣候變化大會上，澳大利亞情報機構(gòu)國防情報局同美國國家安全局對印尼開展了大規(guī)模的監(jiān)聽活動。 | Australian spy agency the Defense Signals Directorate worked alongside the NSA in mounting a massive surveillance operation on Indonesia during the UN climate change conference in Bali in 2007. |
| 2010年6月G20峰會在多倫多召開時，美國國家安全局進行了為期六天的間諜活動，美國駐加拿大使館當時則變身為安全指揮部。 | During the G20 Summit in Toronto in June 2010, the NSA ran a six-day spying operation at the U.S. embassy in Canada. |
| 曝光文件還顯示，日本與巴西、伊拉克被共同列為美國“經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定與影響”領(lǐng)域的重點監(jiān)控國。此外，“最新戰(zhàn)略科學技術(shù)”領(lǐng)域的重點監(jiān)控對象包括俄羅斯、印度、德國、法國、韓國、以色列、新加坡、瑞典及日本；“外交政策”領(lǐng)域包括中國、德國、法國、俄羅斯、伊朗、朝鮮及日本等17國及聯(lián)合國。 | Leaked documents also show that Japan, Brazil and Iraq are key intelligence targets of U.S. eavesdroppers for their "economic stability and impact" mission. For the "emerging strategic technologies" mission, Russia is a focus, along with India, Germany, France, South Korea, Israel, Singapore, Sweden and Japan. China, Germany, France, Russia, Iran, North Korea, Japan and another 10 countries, plus the UN, are listed as key targets of the "foreign policy" mission. |
| 《紐約時報》總結(jié)說，美國國家安全局之所以“敵友不分地進行日常監(jiān)控”，是為達成“對法德等同盟國的外交優(yōu)先地位”和“對日本及巴西的經(jīng)濟優(yōu)先地位”。 | The New York Times concluded that the NSA "spies routinely on friends as well as foes" to achieve "diplomatic advantage over such allies as France and Germany" and "economic advantage over Japan and Brazil." |
| 2. 美國監(jiān)控全球民眾 | 2. The United States spies on the public all over the world |
| 美國專門監(jiān)控互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的項目非常龐大，可以監(jiān)控某個目標網(wǎng)民的幾乎所有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)活動。英國《衛(wèi)報》披露，美國情報人員利用名為“XKeyscore”的項目監(jiān)控互聯(lián)網(wǎng)活動。該項目在全球多處配備500個服務器。這家報紙評價其是美國國家安全局“最龐大”監(jiān)控項目，稱情報人員“可以監(jiān)控某個目標網(wǎng)民的幾乎所有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)活動”。 | The U.S. surveillance on the Internet is so massive that it is able to monitor nearly everything a targeted user does on the Internet. According to the Guardian, American intelligence uses a secret surveillance system known as XKeyscore, comprising 500 servers distributed around the world, to mine intelligence from the Internet. Leaked documents boast that XKeyscore is the NSA's "widest reaching" system covering "nearly everything a typical user does on the Internet." |
| 斯諾登曝光的文件顯示，美國國家安全局通過接入全球移動網(wǎng)絡，每天收集全球高達近50億份手機通話的位置紀錄，并匯聚成龐大數(shù)據(jù)庫。美國國家安全局大規(guī)模搜集全球手機短信息，每天收集大約20億條。 | Documents released by Snowden show that the NSA gathers around 5 billion records each day on the whereabouts of cell phones and these records comprise a vast database of information. Also, the NSA collected about 2 billion cell phone text messages each day from around the world. |
| 一些美國媒體認為，美情報機構(gòu)對嫌疑人相關(guān)電話進行竊聽以掌握情報并非新聞，但涉及國外如此海量信息的收集相當不可思議。 | Some U.S. media have remarked that intercepting suspects' telephones to obtain information is nothing new, but collecting such vast amount of intelligence overseas is astonishing. |
| 據(jù)《華盛頓郵報》報道，美國國家安全局曾秘密侵入雅虎、谷歌在各國數(shù)據(jù)中心之間的主要通信網(wǎng)絡，竊取了數(shù)以億計的用戶信息，并且保留了大量數(shù)據(jù)。通過分析這些數(shù)據(jù)，美國國家安全局可以獲悉這些通訊紀錄的發(fā)出者、接受者以及雙方通訊的時間、地點等信息。 | The Washington Post reported that the NSA secretly broke into the main communication links that connect Yahoo and Google's respective data centers around the world. By tapping these links, the agency positioned itself to collect data at will from hundreds of millions of user accounts. By analyzing the data, the NSA can discover who sent or received emails, when and where, as well as email contents, including audio and video as well as text. |
| 巴西網(wǎng)站Fantastico報道稱，美國國家安全局采用MITM攻擊方式，通過虛假的安全認證偽裝成合法網(wǎng)站，以繞過瀏覽器的安全防護并截取用戶數(shù)據(jù)。美國國家安全局曾通過這一方式偽裝成谷歌網(wǎng)站成功獲取用戶數(shù)據(jù)。 | According to the Brazilian website Fantastico, the NSA has carried out so-called Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks using fake security certificates to pose as a legitimate web service, bypass browser security settings, and intercept data that unsuspecting persons are attempting to send to that service. Google is among the services the NSA has impersonated. |
| 英國《衛(wèi)報》披露美國國家安全局與以色列共享原始監(jiān)聽數(shù)據(jù)，且可能包括美國公民的郵件和其他數(shù)據(jù)，而此前美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬堅稱不會把監(jiān)聽目標鎖定在美國公民身上。 | The Guardian has revealed that the NSA routinely shares raw intelligence data with Israel without first sifting it to remove information about U.S. citizens. This is despite of earlier promises by the Obama administration to rigorously protect the privacy of innocent U.S. citizens caught in the dragnet. |
| 2013年12月31日，德國《明鏡》周刊消息稱，美國國家安全局非法獲取歐洲和亞洲之間最大的海底通訊電纜網(wǎng)絡——SEA－ME－WE－4的數(shù)據(jù)，取得大量敏感資料，并計劃繼續(xù)監(jiān)聽其他海底通訊電纜。 | On Dec. 31, 2013, the German news magazine Der Spiegel quoted NSA papers describing how the agency collected sensitive data from Sea-Me-We 4, the key undersea telecommunication cable system linking Europe and Asia, as well as its plans to continue eavesdropping on other undersea cables. |
| 法國《世界報》報道稱，美國國家安全局曾在2012年12月10日至2013年1月8日期間，監(jiān)聽法國民眾7030萬通電話交談。 | The French daily Le Monde reported that the U.S. spy agency tapped more than 70.3 million phone calls made in France between December 10, 2012, and January 8, 2013. |
| 蘋果和安卓手機操作系統(tǒng)在美國國家安全局內(nèi)部被稱作“數(shù)據(jù)資源的金礦”，美英情報部門2007年就已合作監(jiān)控手機應用程序，美國國家安全局一度將這方面的預算從2.04億美元追加到7.67億美元。 | In an internal NSA document, smart phone operating systems such as iOS and Android are described as the "gold nugget of data resources." The NSA and the British Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) have been collaborating on mobile phone surveillance since 2007, when the budget of the NSA was increased from 204 million U.S. dollars to 767 million U.S. dollars, allowing the agency to dig even deeper. |
| 據(jù)英國《衛(wèi)報》、美國《紐約時報》報道，美國國家安全局多年來一直從移動設備應用程序(App)中抓取個人數(shù)據(jù)，包括個人用戶的位置數(shù)據(jù)(基于GPS)、種族、年齡和其他個人資料。這些應用程序包括手機游戲“憤怒的小鳥”、應用程序“谷歌地圖”以及“臉譜”、推特和網(wǎng)絡相冊Flickr的手機客戶端。 | The Guardian and the New York Times have reported that the NSA targets smartphone apps to fish for users' personal data such as age, nationality and location (based on GPS). The apps under surveillance include the popular game Angry Birds, Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter and the photo-sharing site Flickr. |
| 美國國家安全局至少于2008年起，向全球近10萬臺計算機植入專門軟件，旨在時刻監(jiān)控或攻擊目標計算機，即使計算機沒有連接上網(wǎng)，美國國家安全局仍可通過無線電波入侵。 | The NSA has planted backdoor software in around 100,000 computers worldwide since 2008, giving it the capability to monitor them around the clock, as well as launch attacks. The agency can access and control these computers using radio waves even if they are not connected to a network. |
| 自2010年起，美國國家安全局用收集到的資料，分析部分美國公民的“社交連結(jié)，辨識他們來往對象、某個特定時間的所在地點、與誰出游等私人信息”。 | Since 2010, the NSA has been snooping on U.S. citizens to "analyze their social connectivity, to identify private information such as the users' associates, their location at a certain point of time, and their travelling companions." |
| 美國國家安全局所有的監(jiān)控行為都是暗中操作，而政府也是秘密決定放開對監(jiān)控的限制，并未通過國家情報法院的審定或者公開的討論。根據(jù)2006年美國司法部的備忘錄，該部曾對濫用情報監(jiān)控進行過警告。 | All of the NSA's surveillance activities have been conducted in secrecy, following a secret U.S. government decision to loosen restrictions on surveillance and bypass deliberation or discussion by the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. A memorandum filed by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) in 2006 warned about the possible abuse of surveillance. |
| 通過一項名為“共同旅行分析”的項目，美國國家安全局在收集“目標人物”相關(guān)信息紀錄基礎上，通過已知“目標人物”的活動發(fā)現(xiàn)其未知社會聯(lián)系，并在一小時內(nèi)在海量信息中得出“目標人物”活動時間、地點等完整情報。與“目標人物”有過聯(lián)系的人將可能成為美國國家安全局新的“目標人物”。 | The NSA applies sophisticated analytical techniques to identify what it calls "co-travelers," i.e. unknown associates of known targets. This project allows the NSA to explore the social links of known targets. The location and time of their activities can be extracted in under an hour from a vast database of information. Associates of known targets become the NSA's new targets. |
| 美國官員辯稱，這一大規(guī)模監(jiān)聽活動是合法的，不針對美國國內(nèi)民眾，但事實上，被竊聽者包括許多到國外旅行的美國人。美國媒體報道說，美國國家安全局于2010年和2011年進行了一項有關(guān)大規(guī)模收集美國國內(nèi)移動電話位置的試驗項目。 | U.S. government officials have argued that these massive surveillance operations are legal and do not target U.S. citizens, but U.S. citizens travelling abroad are nevertheless subject to eavesdropping. U.S. media have also reported that the NSA carried out a pilot project to collect huge amounts of mobile phone location data within the United States during 2010 and 2011. |
| 2013年4月，聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會言論自由問題特別報告員拉盧在向聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會提交的報告中指出，美國修訂“外國情報監(jiān)控修正案法”，擴大美國政府對境外非美籍人士進行監(jiān)控的權(quán)力，監(jiān)控內(nèi)容包括任何利用美國的云服務主機進行的通信。 | In April 2013, Frank La Rue, UN Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, said in his report to the Human Rights Council that the United States, by renewing the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, had empowered the U.S. government to "conduct surveillance of non-American persons located outside the United States including any foreign individual whose communications are hosted by cloud services located in the United States." |
| 曝光文件顯示德國、韓國、日本等多國被大規(guī)模監(jiān)聽，美歐國家的情報機構(gòu)正在聯(lián)手對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和電話通信展開大規(guī)模監(jiān)控，嚴重威脅世界各國網(wǎng)絡安全。 | Leaked documents show that many countries, including Germany, South Korea and Japan have been targeted by the NSA's eavesdropping, and that the intelligence agencies of the United States and some European countries have joined hands to launch massive network monitoring and phone-tapping operations that severely undermine the network security of all countries. |
| 挪威媒體報道說，挪威也是美國“監(jiān)控門”的受害者，美國國家安全局曾在2012年12月10日至2013年1月8日間監(jiān)聽了3300多萬次在挪威本土登記注冊的移動電話通話。 | Norwegian media have reported that Norway is also a target of U.S. surveillance. The NSA collected data from more than 33 million mobile phone calls made in Norway between December 10, 2012, and January 8, 2013. |
| 根據(jù)意大利《快訊》周刊的報道，英國和美國情報機構(gòu)大規(guī)模竊聽意大利的電話和攔截網(wǎng)絡數(shù)據(jù)。 | The Italian weekly L'Espresso has reported that British and U.S. intelligence agencies have been massively bugging Italian telephone communications and network data. |
| 3. 監(jiān)控外國企業(yè) | 3. Monitoring international companies |
| 美國政府攻擊的商業(yè)網(wǎng)絡不僅包括互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，還涉及金融、交通、電力、教育等諸多關(guān)系國計民生的關(guān)鍵行業(yè)。 | The U.S. government does not just target the Internet, but also key industries such as finance, transport, electricity and education. |
| 斯諾登披露的文件顯示，美國國家安全局開展的大規(guī)模監(jiān)聽行動不僅包括世界各國領(lǐng)導人，還包括眾多國際組織和商業(yè)領(lǐng)袖。 | Documents leaked by Snowden show that the NSA's eavesdropping not only target overseas government leaders but also international organizations and business leaders. |
| 據(jù)德國《明鏡》周刊報道，美國國家安全局的監(jiān)視項目包括國際間的金融交易，尤其是信用卡交易。全球知名的信用卡品牌維薩公司和總部設在布魯塞爾的環(huán)球銀行金融電信協(xié)會均在其監(jiān)視范圍之內(nèi)。 | The German weekly Der Spiegel reported that financial transactions, especially credit card deals, were among the targets of NSA surveillance programs. Visa and the international payments system SWIFT were both monitored. |
| 一項名為“追蹤金錢”的監(jiān)視項目專門關(guān)注國際上銀行金融交易往來。按照美國國家安全局的事先設想，通過追蹤所謂的金融往來線索，可以追查到更多的恐怖分子。其為此專門建立一個名為Tracfin的金融數(shù)據(jù)庫，用以存儲從各個金融機構(gòu)得到的信息。2011年，這一數(shù)據(jù)庫的信息量達到1.8億條，其中84%的數(shù)據(jù)是信用卡信息，涉及用戶主要分布在歐洲、中東和非洲。 | A surveillance branch known as "Follow the Money," focused on international financial transactions. The NSA claimed that by tracing international financial transfers it could expose terrorist networks. The agency set up a financial database called Tracfin to store information gathered from financial institutions. In 2011, the data bank had 180 million entries, 84 percent of which related to credit cards and their users, who were mainly located in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. |
| 此外，該數(shù)據(jù)庫中還有部分信息來自歐洲的環(huán)球銀行金融電信協(xié)會。美國“9·11”恐怖襲擊之后，環(huán)球銀行金融電信協(xié)會開始秘密向美國提供金融交易數(shù)據(jù)。2006年這一事件被媒體曝光后，歐盟要求與美國展開談判，以保證歐洲銀行數(shù)據(jù)的安全和公民隱私權(quán)。在多輪談判后，歐盟和美國于2010年達成一項協(xié)議，允許美國通過環(huán)球銀行金融電信協(xié)會系統(tǒng)獲取歐洲銀行的交易信息，用于打擊恐怖主義，但美國在使用和存儲這些金融信息方面必須遵守歐盟數(shù)據(jù)保護法律之下的嚴格規(guī)定。然而，根據(jù)斯諾登的最新爆料，美國從來沒有停止過監(jiān)視環(huán)球銀行金融電信協(xié)會的金融交易往來信息。這意味著，在此期間美歐之間所有的談判都只是表面功夫，沒有實際作用。 | Some information in the database came from SWIFT, which began secretly feeding the United States with details of financial transfers after the 9/11 attacks. When this partnership was exposed in 2006, the European Union asked the United States to ensure the security of bank data and respect the privacy of European citizens. After several rounds of talks, the European Union and the United States reached a deal in 2010 that allowed the latter to monitor European bank transfers to combat terrorism, with the precondition that the use and storage of this financial information was consistent with European data protection laws. But Snowden's latest revelations show that the United States never stopped monitoring SWIFT transfers, meaning that the entire negotiation process between the United States and the European Union was just for show. |
| 2013年12月29日，德國《明鏡》周刊稱，美國國家安全局多年前就已攻破了主要公司開發(fā)的幾乎所有安全架構(gòu)，其中包括來自思科、華為、瞻博和戴爾的產(chǎn)品。 | On December 29, 2013, Der Spiegel claimed the NSA had broken almost all the security architectures designed by major companies, including those of Cisco, Huawei, Juniper and Dell. |
| 據(jù)媒體報道，美國還侵入了巴西國家石油公司的電腦網(wǎng)絡。 | Other media reports have revealed that the United States hacked the computer network of Brazilian oil company, Petrobras. |
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