2014年美國的人權(quán)紀(jì)錄（全文）
Full text of Human Rights Record of the United States in 2014
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| 國務(wù)院新聞辦公室6月26日發(fā)表《2014年美國的人權(quán)紀(jì)錄》，回應(yīng)美國政府發(fā)布的“國別人權(quán)報告”。全文如下： | The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China published a report titled "Human Rights Record of the United States in 2014" on Friday. Following is the report's full text: |
| 2014年美國的人權(quán)紀(jì)錄 中華人民共和國國務(wù)院新聞辦公室 2015年6月 | Human Rights Record of the United States in 2014 State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China |
| 目 錄 | Contents |
| 導(dǎo) 言 | Foreword |
| 一、關(guān)于公民權(quán)利 | I. On Civil Rights |
| 二、關(guān)于政治權(quán)利 | II. On Political Rights |
| 三、關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會權(quán)利 | III. On Economic and Social Rights |
| 四、關(guān)于種族歧視 | IV. On Racial Discrimination |
| 五、關(guān)于婦女和兒童權(quán)利 | V. On Women and Children's Rights |
| 六、關(guān)于侵犯他國人權(quán) | VI. On Violations of Human Rights in Other Countries |
| 導(dǎo) 言 | Foreword |
| 美國國務(wù)院于當(dāng)?shù)貢r間6月25日再次發(fā)布“國別人權(quán)報告”，對世界許多國家人權(quán)狀況評頭論足，而偏偏對自己糟糕的人權(quán)紀(jì)錄，毫無反省改進(jìn)之意。大量事實證明，2014年，以“人權(quán)衛(wèi)士”自居的美國，舊有人權(quán)問題未見改善，新的人權(quán)問題不斷出現(xiàn)，自身人權(quán)狀況更加堪憂，侵犯他國人權(quán)更加肆無忌憚，在國際人權(quán)場合被亮更多“紅牌”。 | On June 25 local time, the State Department of the United States released its country reports on human rights practices once again, making comments on the human rights situations in many countries while showing not a bit of regret for or intention to improve its own terrible human rights record. Plenty of facts show that, in 2014, the U.S., a self-proclaimed human rights defender, saw no improvements in its existent human rights issues, but reported numerous new problems. While its own human rights situation was increasingly grave, the U.S. violated human rights in other countries in a more brazen manner, and was given more "red cards" in the international human rights field. |
| 美國槍支泛濫，暴力犯罪猖獗，公民權(quán)利受到嚴(yán)重威脅。發(fā)生在美國的謀殺案件中有69.0%使用槍支，搶劫案件中有40.0%使用槍支，嚴(yán)重暴力襲擊案中有21.6%使用槍支。(1) 警察過度使用暴力造成多人死亡，引發(fā)民眾強(qiáng)烈抗議。密蘇里州弗格森鎮(zhèn)手無寸鐵的18歲非洲裔青年邁克爾·布朗遭白人警察達(dá)倫·威爾遜六槍射殺。密蘇里州大陪審團(tuán)和紐約州大陪審團(tuán)相繼作出白人警察無罪的判決后，引發(fā)全美超過170余座城市大規(guī)模的示威抗議運動。(2) | The U.S. was haunted by spreading guns, frequent occurrence of violent crimes, which threatened citizens' civil rights. Statistics showed that the use of firearms in the U.S. was behind 69 percent of murders, while for robberies, the figure was 40 percent, and for aggravated assaults, 21.6 percent (edition.cnn.com). The excessive use of force by police officers led to many deaths, sparking public outcry. An unarmed 18-year-old African-American Michael Brown was shot dead by a white police officer named Darren Wilson in Ferguson, a town in Missouri. After the grand jury of both Missouri and New York decided to bring no charges against the white police officer, massive protests broke out in more than 170 cities nationwide (cn.nytimes.com, November 25, 2014). |
| 美國濫用酷刑，中央情報局使用的酷刑手段令人觸目驚心。中情局為獲取情報對所抓獲的恐怖和極端組織嫌疑人實施酷刑，使用禁止睡覺、水刑、長期單獨幽禁、將囚犯頭部猛力撞墻和抽打乃至死亡威脅等審訊手段，甚至還有“直腸補(bǔ)液”等駭人手段。聯(lián)合國人權(quán)事務(wù)委員會和禁止酷刑委員會等聯(lián)合國人權(quán)條約機(jī)構(gòu)，對美國包括死囚拘留條件惡劣、濫用酷刑、秘密關(guān)押、無限期任意拘留以及非法監(jiān)聽侵犯公民隱私權(quán)等在內(nèi)的諸多問題給予關(guān)切，并特別呼吁美國“對警察所有野蠻行為和濫用武力情況進(jìn)行迅速、有效和公平的調(diào)查” (3)。 | The U.S. used cruel tortures indiscriminately, notably those carried out by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). To acquire intelligence from suspects of terrorism and extremism, the CIA used brutal methods, such as sleep deprivation, waterboarding, long-term solitary confinement, slamming prisoners against the wall, lashing, death threat and even "rectal rehydration" or rectal feeding. United Nations human rights convention institutions such as the UN Human Rights Committee and the Committee Against Torture had raised their concerns over issues in the U.S., including terrible detention conditions for convicts awaiting execution, abuse of brutal methods, secret detention, indefinite arbitrary detention, and illegal wire-tapping which infringed citizens' privacy. These institutions called on the U.S. to conduct swift, effective and fair investigations into all brutal behaviors and abuse of forces of the police force (www.un.org). |
| 美國種族歧視極其嚴(yán)重，少數(shù)族裔繼續(xù)遭受系統(tǒng)性歧視。警察執(zhí)法和司法中存在嚴(yán)重的種族偏向。少數(shù)群體和土著人在環(huán)境、選舉、醫(yī)療、住房、教育等方面遭受不公正待遇。2014年8月，聯(lián)合國消除種族歧視委員會審議美國履約報告時，對美國侵犯種族、土著、移民等少數(shù)群體權(quán)利，特別是少數(shù)族裔群體的成員更易受到逮捕、監(jiān)禁并被判處嚴(yán)厲的刑罰等問題提出集中批評。(4) | The U.S. is a country with grim problems of racial discrimination, and institutional discrimination against ethnic minorities continued. Serious racial bias persisted in the police and justice systems. Minority groups and indigenous people are subject to unfairness in environment, election, health care, housing, education and other fields. In August 2014, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, in its concluding observation on the periodic report of the U.S. on the latter's implementation of relevant convention, slammed the U.S. for violating the rights of ethnic minorities, indigenous people, immigrants and other minority groups. It criticized the fact that members of racial and ethnic minorities continued to be disproportionately arrested, incarcerated and subjected to harsher sentences (tbinternet.ohchr.org). |
| 金錢主導(dǎo)美國政治，公民政治權(quán)利難以保障。中期選舉花費創(chuàng)歷史新高，公民投票率創(chuàng)第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來新低。“暗錢”涌入選舉，少數(shù)族裔等群體的投票權(quán)受到刻意壓制，少數(shù)有權(quán)勢的利益集團(tuán)控制政府決策。有學(xué)者一針見血指出，美國的民主體制正在面臨嚴(yán)重的代表性危機(jī)?！捌胀ü窀械矫裰鞒蔀榱艘粋€幌子，政府被各路精英們暗中操縱，不再真實地反映大眾的利益訴求?！?5) | Money is a deciding factor in the U.S. politics, and the U.S. citizens' political rights were not properly protected. Despite the highest midterm election spending in history, general election voter turnout for the 2014 midterms was the lowest since World War II. "Dark money" flowed into elections, and the voting rights of racial minorities and other groups were intentionally suppressed. A few interest groups with power were able to influence the government's decision-making. As a renowned scholar pointed out sharply, the U.S. democratic system was experiencing a crisis of representation. "Ordinary citizens feel that their supposedly democratic government no longer truly reflects their interests and is under the control of a variety of shadowy elites (Foreign Affairs, September/October 2014)." |
| 美國是世界上經(jīng)濟(jì)最發(fā)達(dá)的國家，但公民的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會權(quán)利卻難以得到充分保障。在經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇過程中收入不平等繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大，無家可歸者基本生存狀況惡化，醫(yī)療服務(wù)系統(tǒng)運轉(zhuǎn)糟糕，普通民眾的受教育權(quán)受到侵害。2014年10月，聯(lián)合國特別報告員批評美國底特律市規(guī)?？涨暗臄嗨F(xiàn)象不成比例地影響最弱勢、最貧困人群，構(gòu)成對享有飲用水和其他國際人權(quán)的侵犯。 | Although the U.S. is the most developed country in the world, it is hard for the economic and social rights of its citizens to be soundly ensured. In the process of economic recovery, the income inequality continued to be enlarged, the basic living conditions for the homeless people deteriorated, the health care system operated terribly and the education rights of average citizens were violated. In October 2014, the United Nations Special Rapporteurs criticized the unprecedented water shut-offs in Detroit disproportionately affected the most vulnerable and poorest people, violating their right of access to drinking water and other international human rights. |
| 美國婦女兒童的權(quán)利得不到充分保障。婦女在工作場合遭受歧視，家庭暴力情況經(jīng)常發(fā)生。平均每年有約210萬名女性遭到男性攻擊，每天有3名女性被其伴侶殺害，有4名女性死于遭受虐待。女性在軍隊中遭受性侵的報告數(shù)量上升，告發(fā)后遭到報復(fù)的比例升高。美國有數(shù)百萬兒童無家可歸，每天有3名兒童死于遭受虐待，校園暴力和性侵廣泛存在，槍擊案頻發(fā)。 | American women and children's rights were not fully protected. Women were discriminated at workplaces, and domestic violence was prevalent. Each year, 2.1 million American women on average were assaulted by men. Three females were murdered by their partner each day, and four females died each day as a result of abuse. In the U.S. military, reports of female soldiers getting harassed were on the rise, and more faced repercussions for reporting assaults. Millions of American children were homeless. Three children died each day as a result of abuse. School violence and sex assaults were pervasive and gun shootings happened from time to time. |
| 美國國家安全局等情報機(jī)構(gòu)長期大規(guī)模監(jiān)聽他國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人及普通民眾。美國仍不批準(zhǔn)《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》、《兒童權(quán)利公約》等核心人權(quán)公約。對于聯(lián)合國人權(quán)理事會、人權(quán)事務(wù)高級專員辦公室、專門工作組、特別報告員等對美國的人權(quán)狀況提出的批評，美國政府經(jīng)常采取拖延或不合作態(tài)度。 | National Security Agency and other intelligence-gathering apparatus of the U.S. for a long time have spied on world leaders and civilians. The U.S. has not ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The U.S. government often takes an evasive or uncooperative attitude toward the criticism of the United Nations Human Rights Council, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights of UN, the council's working groups and special rapporteurs. |
注(1) 美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站（edition.cnn.com），2014年9月24日。 注(2) 《紐約時報》網(wǎng)站（cn.nytimes.com），2014年11月25日。 注(3) 聯(lián)合國網(wǎng)站（www.un.org）。 注(4) 聯(lián)合國人權(quán)條約機(jī)構(gòu)網(wǎng)站（tbinternet.ohchr.org）。 注(5) 《外交事務(wù)》，2014年（9月/10月）。 |
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