《新疆各民族平等團(tuán)結(jié)發(fā)展的歷史見證》白皮書
White Paper: Historical Witness to Ethnic Equality, Unity and Development
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| 二、堅(jiān)持各民族平等團(tuán)結(jié) | II. Upholding Ethnic Equality and Unity |
| 新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)成立以來(lái)，堅(jiān)持和完善民族區(qū)域自治制度，貫徹落實(shí)國(guó)家的民族政策，努力促進(jìn)各民族共同團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展，發(fā)展和鞏固了平等、團(tuán)結(jié)、互助、和諧的新型社會(huì)主義民族關(guān)系。 | Since its establishment in 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has remained committed to supporting and improving the system of ethnic regional autonomy. It has implemented China's ethnic policies, endeavored to promote the unity and common prosperity of various ethnic groups, and developed and consolidated the new type of socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony. |
| 堅(jiān)持各民族一律平等。在中國(guó)，各民族不論人口多少、發(fā)展程度高低，都具有同等地位，依法享有相同的權(quán)利，履行相同的義務(wù)。民族區(qū)域自治制度的建立，實(shí)現(xiàn)了保護(hù)少數(shù)民族合法權(quán)益和保障公民個(gè)人平等權(quán)利相統(tǒng)一。新疆各族人民享有平等的法律地位，享有憲法和法律賦予的選舉與被選舉的權(quán)利，同時(shí)還享有參與國(guó)家事務(wù)管理、宗教信仰自由、接受教育、使用本民族語(yǔ)言文字、繼承本民族傳統(tǒng)文化等各項(xiàng)權(quán)利。自治區(qū)著力消除歷史遺留下來(lái)的民族隔閡，堅(jiān)決反對(duì)任何形式的民族壓迫和歧視，禁止破壞民族團(tuán)結(jié)和制造民族分裂的行為。各級(jí)自治地方既尊重和保護(hù)本地區(qū)各民族的權(quán)利，同時(shí)還擔(dān)負(fù)著維護(hù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一、民族團(tuán)結(jié)、社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的責(zé)任。 | The principle of equality among all ethnic groups has been upheld. All ethnic groups in China, regardless of the sizes of their population and levels of development, are equal. They enjoy equal rights and are required to fulfill the same obligations in accordance with the law. The establishment of the system of ethnic regional autonomy served to protect the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minorities and safeguard the equal rights and interests of individual citizens. People of all ethnic origins in Xinjiang are ensured an equal legal status. They enjoy the rights to vote and stand for election as prescribed by the Constitution and the law, the right of equal participation in the administration of state affairs, the right of religious belief, the right to receive education, the right to use their own spoken and written languages, the right to inherit and carry on the traditional culture of their own ethnic groups, etc. The region has focused on eliminating ethnic misunderstandings carried over from the past; it has firmly opposed any form of ethnic oppression or discrimination, and outlawed any action that might sabotage ethnic unity or incite ethnic separatism. In addition to respecting and protecting the rights and interests of all ethnic peoples within their jurisdiction, governments of ethnic autonomous areas at various levels shoulder at the same time the responsibility of safeguarding national unification, ethnic unity and social stability. |
| 自主管理本民族、本地區(qū)的內(nèi)部事務(wù)。新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)是多民族共居的自治地方，也是全國(guó)唯一三級(jí)自治地方（區(qū)、州、縣）俱全的自治區(qū)。自治區(qū)內(nèi)設(shè)有５個(gè)自治州、６個(gè)自治縣和42個(gè)民族鄉(xiāng)。自治地方的各族人民共同選舉出人民代表大會(huì)（以下簡(jiǎn)稱“人大”）代表，組成自治機(jī)關(guān)，行使管理本地區(qū)內(nèi)部事務(wù)的權(quán)利。自治機(jī)關(guān)在歷屆人大代表組成以及干部配備上，堅(jiān)持各民族平等參與、共同管理的原則。2014年，自治區(qū)第十二屆人大代表名額共550名，有14個(gè)民族成份，其中少數(shù)民族代表占66%，比少數(shù)民族人口在新疆總?cè)丝谥械谋壤叱?個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。目前，在9位現(xiàn)任自治區(qū)人大常委會(huì)主任、副主任中，有少數(shù)民族6名。自治區(qū)主席、自治州州長(zhǎng)、自治縣縣長(zhǎng)均由實(shí)行區(qū)域自治民族的公民擔(dān)任，絕大多數(shù)地區(qū)的專員以及市長(zhǎng)、縣長(zhǎng)、區(qū)長(zhǎng)也由少數(shù)民族干部擔(dān)任。新疆各民族還享有平等參與管理國(guó)家事務(wù)的權(quán)利。2014年，出席第十二屆全國(guó)人大的新疆代表共60名，其中少數(shù)民族代表38名，占63.33%。還有一批少數(shù)民族干部在中央和國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)中擔(dān)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)。 | Internal affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas are administered independently. Home to more than a dozen major ethnic groups, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the only autonomous region in China with three levels of autonomous administrative divisions (region, prefecture and county). It boasts five autonomous prefectures, six autonomous counties and 42 ethnic townships. The people of each ethnic autonomous area elect their own deputies to the people's congress and form the self-government organs of power to exercise the right to manage their own internal affairs. In the composition of deputies to the people's congresses and the appointment of officials, the region's self-government organs at each level have always adhered to the principles of equal participation and common management. In 2014, the 550 deputies to the 12th People's Congress of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region came from 14 ethnic groups, with 66 percent being ethnic minorities themselves, three percentage points higher than the proportion of the total population of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Of nine chairperson and vice chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the current regional people's congress, six are citizens of ethnic minority origins. In Xinjiang now, the heads of the autonomous region, all the autonomous prefectures and all autonomous counties are citizens from the ethnic group(s) exercising regional autonomy in the areas concerned. Moreover, an overwhelming number of the heads of other prefectures, cities and counties are citizens of ethnic minority origins. Ethnic groups in Xinjiang also enjoy the right of equal participation in the administration of state affairs. Of 60 deputies from Xinjiang who attended the 12th National People's Congress in 2014, 38, or over 63 percent, were ethnic minorities. There are many people of ethnic minority origins from Xinjiang holding leading posts in central and state organs. |
| 根據(jù)《中華人民共和國(guó)憲法》和《中華人民共和國(guó)民族區(qū)域自治法》的規(guī)定，民族自治地方有權(quán)依照當(dāng)?shù)靥攸c(diǎn)制定自治條例和單行條例，對(duì)法律、行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)作出變通規(guī)定。這些規(guī)定對(duì)保障和維護(hù)各少數(shù)民族合法權(quán)益、促進(jìn)自治地方經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要作用。 | According to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the Law of the People's Republic of China on Ethnic Regional Autonomy, ethnic autonomous areas have the right to enact autonomous and separate regulations to adapt the provisions of the state law, administrative regulations and local regulations in accordance with their local conditions. These stipulations have played an important role in safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the ethnic minorities and promoting economic and social development in ethnic autonomous areas. |
| 保障各民族使用和發(fā)展本民族語(yǔ)言文字的權(quán)利。新疆是多語(yǔ)言文字地區(qū)，主要使用10種語(yǔ)言。自治區(qū)頒布《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)語(yǔ)言文字工作條例》，少數(shù)民族語(yǔ)言文字在司法、行政、教育、新聞出版、廣播影視、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等領(lǐng)域以及日常生活中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。政府機(jī)關(guān)在執(zhí)行公務(wù)、各類機(jī)構(gòu)在招聘及晉級(jí)考試時(shí)，使用當(dāng)?shù)赝ㄓ玫囊环N或者幾種語(yǔ)言文字。自治區(qū)中小學(xué)教育共使用7種語(yǔ)言教學(xué)，廣播、電視用5種語(yǔ)言播放節(jié)目，圖書、音像和電子出版物用6種語(yǔ)言文字出版。根據(jù)《中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家通用語(yǔ)言文字法》，普通話和規(guī)范漢字為國(guó)家通用語(yǔ)言和文字。自治區(qū)積極倡導(dǎo)少數(shù)民族學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)家通用語(yǔ)言和文字，在中小學(xué)對(duì)少數(shù)民族學(xué)生進(jìn)行通用語(yǔ)言文字教育，提倡各民族相互學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言，增進(jìn)各民族間的了解和溝通。自2010年起，自治區(qū)要求新錄用公職人員正式上崗前必須具備基本的國(guó)家通用語(yǔ)言和少數(shù)民族語(yǔ)言能力，并提供培訓(xùn)“雙語(yǔ)”的機(jī)會(huì)和條件。 | All ethnic groups are guaranteed the right to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. Xinjiang is a region of multiple spoken and written languages, of which there are ten principal ones. The region has enacted the Regulations for Work Concerning Spoken and Written Languages in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, which provides a legal basis for the extensive use of the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities in such fields as justice, administration, education, news media, publishing, radio, movies, television programs, the Internet and daily life. Government organs in handling public affairs and various other organizations in recruitment and promotion tests all use the language(s) of the ethnic groups exercising autonomy in a given area. Seven languages are used as teaching languages in primary and secondary schools in the region, five languages are used in broadcasting and television programs, and six languages are used in publishing books, audio-visual products and electronic publications. The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language rules that the standard spoken and written Chinese language is Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters. The autonomous region encourages ethnic minorities to study the standard spoken and written Chinese and offers appropriate courses in primary and secondary schools, and it also encourages ethnic minority peoples to study one another's languages so as to enhance mutual understanding and communication. Since 2010, the autonomous region has required that newly recruited civil servants must acquire basic skills in both the standard and ethnic languages before they enter the service, and that they must be provided with opportunities of and conditions for bilingual training. |
| 尊重少數(shù)民族風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，保障各民族保持或者改革本民族風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的自由。2004年，自治區(qū)制定《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)清真食品管理?xiàng)l例》，依法保障有清真飲食習(xí)慣民族的飲食習(xí)俗，規(guī)定縣級(jí)以上人民政府民族事務(wù)主管部門負(fù)責(zé)本行政區(qū)域內(nèi)清真食品的監(jiān)督管理工作。扶持和保證少數(shù)民族特需用品的生產(chǎn)和供應(yīng)。在有土葬習(xí)俗的少數(shù)民族中，不推行火葬，并采取劃撥專用土地、建立公墓等措施予以保障。少數(shù)民族重大節(jié)日成為新疆法定公眾假期。自治區(qū)提倡各民族相互尊重風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，倡導(dǎo)少數(shù)民族在衣食住行、婚喪嫁娶、禮儀風(fēng)俗各方面奉行科學(xué)、文明、健康的新習(xí)俗。 | The customs of ethnic minorities are respected and the freedom of each ethnic group to maintain or reform its own customs is protected. In 2004, the region formulated the Halal Food Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to protect the halal dietary customs of the relevant ethnic groups, which stipulated that departments in charge of ethnic affairs of the people's governments at/above the county level are vested with the responsibility of supervising and exercising control over the production and supply of halal food within areas under their jurisdiction. The region also renders support to and guarantees the production and supply of special supplies to ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities which have the tradition of inhumation (ground burial) are exempt from the government requirement for cremation, and are allotted special plots for cemeteries. Major festivals of the ethnic minorities are also made official public holidays in Xinjiang. The region encourages all ethnic groups to respect one another's customs while encourages following more scientific, civilized and healthy customs in relation to food, clothing, shelter, transportation, weddings, funerals and etiquettes. |
| 選拔、培養(yǎng)、使用少數(shù)民族干部和專業(yè)技術(shù)人才。自治區(qū)通過(guò)培訓(xùn)學(xué)習(xí)、基層鍛煉、異地交流、崗位輪換等多種形式，培養(yǎng)了大批各領(lǐng)域少數(shù)民族行政和專業(yè)技術(shù)干部。1955年，新疆有少數(shù)民族干部4.6萬(wàn)人，2014年增至41.7萬(wàn)人，占自治區(qū)干部總數(shù)的51.4%。自治區(qū)在公開選拔領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部、錄用國(guó)家工作人員時(shí)，對(duì)少數(shù)民族適當(dāng)放寬條件，通過(guò)劃定比例、定向招考、適當(dāng)加分等政策，確保一定數(shù)量的少數(shù)民族進(jìn)入公務(wù)員隊(duì)伍。2009－2014年，自治區(qū)招錄少數(shù)民族公務(wù)員占招錄總數(shù)的比例從29.9%提高到48.3%。少數(shù)民族專業(yè)技術(shù)人才培養(yǎng)得到特別支持。1992年開始，國(guó)家實(shí)施新疆少數(shù)民族科技骨干特殊培養(yǎng)工作，采取培訓(xùn)、研修、交流、鍛煉等多種方式，至2014年共培養(yǎng)了3917名新疆急需的中高層次少數(shù)民族專業(yè)技術(shù)人才。自2000年起，自治區(qū)設(shè)立“少數(shù)民族科技人才特殊培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃科研專項(xiàng)資金”，支持少數(shù)民族科技骨干實(shí)施科技項(xiàng)目。新疆少數(shù)民族專業(yè)技術(shù)人員由1985年的12.43萬(wàn)人增長(zhǎng)到2014年的29.44萬(wàn)人，占全區(qū)專業(yè)技術(shù)人員總數(shù)的比例由34.43％增長(zhǎng)到58.37％，僅高級(jí)職稱少數(shù)民族專業(yè)技術(shù)人才就達(dá)2.11萬(wàn)人。 | Candidates of ethnic minority origins are selected and cultivated as officials and professionals. A large number of administrative officials and technical professionals from ethnic minority groups have been fostered through training courses and working at the grassroots level, or through work exchanges or job rotation. In 1955, the number of ethnic minority officials in Xinjiang was 46,000, which increased to 417,000 in 2014, accounting for 51.4 percent of the total officials in the region. When selecting leading officials and recruiting civil servants, the autonomous region implements more flexible policies such as setting a recruitment ratio and offering directional recruitment and bonus points in favor of ethnic minorities, so as to make sure that a certain number of ethnic minorities join the civil service. The proportion of ethnic minority civil servants in the total recruitment increased from 29.9 percent in 2009 to 48.3 percent in 2014. Special support has been given to professional personnel of ethnic minority origins. Since 1992, the state has put in place a special program to train professionals of ethnic minority origins in key areas of science and technology by way of holding training courses, advanced studies, exchanges and being placed on more challenging posts, etc. and by the end of 2014 the region had trained in total 3,917 middle- and high-caliber professionals of ethnic minority origins badly needed in Xinjiang. In key areas of science and technology, Xinjiang has established and implemented a fund for special training of science and technology talents of ethnic minority origins since 2000. The number of ethnic minority technical professionals in Xinjiang increased from 124,300 in 1985 to 294,400 in 2014, and the proportion rose from 34.43 percent to 58.37 percent of the total number of such people in the region. The number of ethnic minority professionals with academic titles equivalent to professor and associate professor reached 21,100 in 2014. |
| 民族區(qū)域自治為民族團(tuán)結(jié)提供制度保障。1955年，新疆總?cè)丝?11.78萬(wàn)人，2014年增長(zhǎng)至2322.54萬(wàn)人，其中少數(shù)民族1463.04萬(wàn)人，占總?cè)丝诘?3%。自治區(qū)堅(jiān)持開展形式多樣的民族團(tuán)結(jié)宣傳教育，特別重視對(duì)青少年的教育，在小學(xué)至大學(xué)的各類學(xué)校教育中均設(shè)置民族團(tuán)結(jié)及民族知識(shí)教育課程。堅(jiān)持不懈地開展民族團(tuán)結(jié)進(jìn)步創(chuàng)建活動(dòng)。自1983年開始，自治區(qū)先后召開了7次民族團(tuán)結(jié)進(jìn)步表彰大會(huì)，大力表彰民族團(tuán)結(jié)進(jìn)步模范單位和個(gè)人，在全社會(huì)推動(dòng)形成以維護(hù)民族團(tuán)結(jié)為榮、以損害民族團(tuán)結(jié)為恥的社會(huì)風(fēng)尚。目前，受到國(guó)務(wù)院、國(guó)家民委、自治區(qū)三級(jí)表彰的民族團(tuán)結(jié)進(jìn)步模范單位1304個(gè)（次）、模范個(gè)人2272人（次）。1983年開始，每年5月開展“民族團(tuán)結(jié)教育月”活動(dòng)，集中進(jìn)行民族團(tuán)結(jié)的宣傳教育。2009年，自治區(qū)頒布實(shí)施《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)民族團(tuán)結(jié)教育條例》，進(jìn)一步規(guī)范了民族團(tuán)結(jié)教育活動(dòng)，推動(dòng)各族民眾共同維護(hù)民族團(tuán)結(jié)。2010年底，又出臺(tái)了《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)民族團(tuán)結(jié)進(jìn)步模范單位和模范個(gè)人創(chuàng)建表彰管理辦法（試行）》，積極引導(dǎo)各族民眾加強(qiáng)交往交流交融，相互幫助；提倡各民族中小學(xué)生同校學(xué)習(xí)，同班上課?！皾h族離不開少數(shù)民族，少數(shù)民族離不開漢族，各少數(shù)民族之間也相互離不開”成為加強(qiáng)民族團(tuán)結(jié)的重要思想保證。 | The ethnic regional autonomy provides an institutional guarantee to ethnic unity. The region's population totaled 5.1 million in 1955 while by 2014 it had increased to over 23.2 million, of which 14.6 million were ethnic minorities, making up 63 percent of the total. The region has carried out all kinds of educational programs advocating ethnic unity, paying particular attention to education of the youth, as evidenced by courses on ethnic unity and knowledge about the various ethnic groups offered in various institutions of learning - from primary schools to universities. In Xinjiang, unremitting efforts have also been made in holding activities promoting ethnic unity and progress. To advocate ethnic unity and counter acts undermining it, the autonomous region has since 1983 held seven meetings awarding those making outstanding contribution to ethnic unity and progress, and commending units and individuals who have excelled in this regard. To date, the State Council, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region have commended 1,304 model units and 2,272 exemplary individuals. Since 1983, the region has held an "educational month of ethnic unity" each May, carrying out intensive and extensive public publicity on ethnic unity. In 2009, the region promulgated the Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Ethnic Unity Education, further regulating ethnic unity education activities in order to call people of all ethnic groups to safeguard ethnic unity. By the end of 2010, the region had enacted the Measures for the Administration of Commendation of Role Models Contributing to Ethnic Unity Activities (Trial). The region encourages all members of ethnic groups to strengthen contact, exchange, integration and mutual support mechanisms, and advocates that primary or secondary school students of all ethnic groups study in the same classes and schools. It has become an important ideological guarantee for ethnic unity that "the Han Chinese cannot live without the ethnic minorities, the ethnic minorities cannot do without the Han Chinese, and no any one minority group can live without the other minority groups." |
| 近年來(lái)，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展，新疆各民族人口流動(dòng)更加頻繁，少數(shù)民族人口城市化、散居化趨勢(shì)明顯，民族間交往交流不斷密切。在共同工作、學(xué)習(xí)、娛樂(lè)，以及共同的社區(qū)生活中，不同民族成員增進(jìn)了彼此的了解和友誼。 | Along with the region's economic and social development in recent years, increasing mobility has been witnessed in the population of different ethnic groups in Xinjiang. There has been a rising trend in the urbanization and scattered living of ethnic minorities (who used to live in remote rural areas in concentrated communities - ed.), and as such the contact and exchange among them have grown ever closer. In work, study and entertainment as well as shared community life, people of different ethnic origins have enhanced their friendship and mutual understanding. |
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