《新疆各民族平等團(tuán)結(jié)發(fā)展的歷史見證》白皮書
White Paper: Historical Witness to Ethnic Equality, Unity and Development
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 四、改善民生造福各族人民 | IV. Improving Standards of Living for All |
| 自治區(qū)成立后，尤其是改革開放以來，經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)全面發(fā)展，新疆各族人民充分享受到改革發(fā)展的成果。2010年以來，新疆持續(xù)加大民生建設(shè)和投入力度，連續(xù)6個(gè)“民生建設(shè)年”累計(jì)實(shí)施重點(diǎn)民生工程項(xiàng)目500余項(xiàng)，民生支出占年公共財(cái)政預(yù)算支出70%以上，成為各族群眾得實(shí)惠最多、物質(zhì)文化生活水平提高最快的時(shí)期。 | Since the founding of the autonomous region, and especially since the launch of the reform and opening-up drive, Xinjiang has enjoyed overall economic and social development, and people of the various ethnic groups in the autonomous region have all benefitted from the fruits of the reform and development. Since 2010, Xinjiang has stepped up efforts and input in improving the people's living standards, undertaking over 500 key projects in this regard over the past six consecutive "people's livelihood years," with the expenditure on improving the people's livelihood accounting for over 70 percent of the region's yearly total public spending. This has made these six years a period in which the people are benefitted the most and see the greatest improvement in their material well-being and cultural life. |
| 就業(yè)渠道不斷拓寬。2014年新疆城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率為3.2%。2010－2014年，新增城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)249.7萬人，年均增長(zhǎng)50萬人。2010年，新疆建立就業(yè)困難人員和零就業(yè)家庭就業(yè)動(dòng)態(tài)登記制度，截至2014年，幫助2.9萬名零就業(yè)家庭成員實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)，累計(jì)消除零就業(yè)家庭2.6萬戶。2010－2014年，解決30.3萬名高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)，高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)率和少數(shù)民族高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)率分別達(dá)88.6%和82.7%。2011年5月，基本解決2009年底前實(shí)名登記的7.5萬名未就業(yè)大中專畢業(yè)生就業(yè)問題，其中少數(shù)民族畢業(yè)生占84.6%。農(nóng)業(yè)富余勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)從2009年166萬人（次）增加到2014年285萬人（次），轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)獲得工資性收入和勞務(wù)收入累計(jì)566億元。 | Employment channels are constantly expanding. In 2014, the registered urban unemployment rate of Xinjiang was 3.2 percent. From 2010 to 2014, 2.5 million new urban jobs were created, averaging a yearly growth of 500,000. In 2010, Xinjiang established a registration system for people with difficulties in finding work and for families of which no member was gainfully employed. By 2014, under this system Xinjiang had helped 29,000 members of these "zero-employment" families find jobs, cutting the number of zero-employment families by 26,000. From 2010 to 2014, Xinjiang provided jobs to 303,000 university graduates, with the employment rates of university graduates and university graduates of ethnic minority origins reaching 88.6 and 82.7 percent, respectively. By May 2011, it had virtually resolved the employment problems of 75,000 unemployed graduates of junior colleges and technical secondary schools who had registered before the end of 2009, of whom 84.6 percent came from ethnic minority groups. Some 1.66 million job opportunities were created for rural surplus labor in 2009. This figure increased to 2.85 million in 2014. During this five-year period, the relevant wage bill totaled RMB56.6 billion. |
| 人民生活持續(xù)改善。2014年，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入21881元，是1980年的51.2倍，年均增長(zhǎng)12.3%，比2009年增加9624元；農(nóng)村居民人均純收入8114元，是1980年的40.4倍，年均增長(zhǎng)11.5%，比2009年增加4231元。城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村居民恩格爾系數(shù)持續(xù)下降，分別從2009年的36.3%、41.5%下降到2014年的31.3%、34.5%。 | The life of the people has kept improving. In 2014, the per-capita disposable income of urban residents averaged RMB21,881, an increase of 51.2 fold over that of 1980, representing an average annual growth of 12.3 percent. This also represented an increase of more than RMB9,624 over that of 2009. The per-capita net income of rural residents was RMB8,114, increasing by 41.4 fold as compared with that of 1980, averaging an annual growth of 11.5 percent. This was an increase of more than RMB4,231 as compared with 2009. The Engel coefficient of urban and rural residents continued to decline, from 36.3 percent and 41.5 percent respectively in 2009 to 31.3 percent and 34.5 percent in 2014. |
| 城鄉(xiāng)居住條件不斷改善。2004年啟動(dòng)實(shí)施抗震安居工程，2010年以來啟動(dòng)安居富民、定居興牧和城鎮(zhèn)保障性安居工程建設(shè)，到2014年累計(jì)超過480萬農(nóng)牧民和207萬城鎮(zhèn)中低收入居民喜遷新居，城鄉(xiāng)居民戶均擁有住房面積分別達(dá)到85平方米和105平方米。100%的城鎮(zhèn)和72%的農(nóng)村住戶有供暖設(shè)施，城鎮(zhèn)供水普及率達(dá)96.3%，污水集中處理率達(dá)78.6%，生活垃圾無害化處理率達(dá)63%。城鎮(zhèn)建成區(qū)綠化覆蓋率34.9%，人均公園綠地面積10.7平方米。實(shí)施農(nóng)村環(huán)境連片整治項(xiàng)目和農(nóng)村環(huán)境綜合整治示范工程，使200多萬農(nóng)牧民逐步享受到干凈、整潔的村容環(huán)境。 | Living conditions of both urban and rural residents have continued to improve. In 2004, Xinjiang started an earthquake-resistant and comfortable housing project; and since 2010, it has launched projects of offering comfortable housing and enriching the people, settlement of herdsmen for developing animal husbandry, and urban affordable housing. By 2014, more than 4.8 million farmers and herdsmen and 2.07 million middle- and low-income urban residents had moved into new homes. The average flood space for an urban household was 85 sq m, and that of a rural household was 105 sq m. All urban households and 72 percent of rural households have been provided with facilities for heating. In urban areas, the water supply covered 96.3 percent of the population, and the centralized sewage treatment rate reached 78.6 percent. Sixty-three percent of domestic garbage underwent hazard-free treatment. In built-up urban areas, the green coverage rate was 34.9 percent, and per-capita green park area was 10.7 sq m. Projects to improve the communal environment in rural areas and demonstration projects of comprehensive improvement of rural environment were launched, gradually bringing about a clean and neat village environment for more than 2 million farmers and herdsmen. |
| 教育事業(yè)不斷發(fā)展。2010年以來，教育事業(yè)發(fā)展進(jìn)入新的快速發(fā)展時(shí)期，近5年教育經(jīng)費(fèi)支出超過2500億元，2014年教育支出占GDP比重提高到6.47%。全疆有各級(jí)各類學(xué)校9230所，在校學(xué)生473.48萬人，專任教師33.82萬人。2010－2014年，學(xué)前三年入園率由51%提高到72.4%；初中畢業(yè)生升高中比例由74%提高到91%，高中階段毛入學(xué)率由67%提高到84%；高考錄取率由64%提高到79%，高等教育毛入學(xué)率由22%提高到31%，與全國(guó)同步進(jìn)入高等教育大眾化階段。職業(yè)教育體系基本形成，有中等職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)校176所，在校學(xué)生21.95萬人。 | Continuous development has been seen in education. Since 2010, education in the region has ushered in a new period of rapid development. Over the past five years, education expenditure has exceeded RMB250 billion. In 2014, the proportion of education expenditure in the GDP increased to 6.47 percent. Xinjiang has 9,230 schools of various types and at all levels, with 4,734,800 students and 338,200 full-time teachers. From 2010 to 2014, the three-year kindergarten enrollment rate grew from 51 percent to 72.4 percent; the proportion of junior high school graduates getting enrolled into high schools increased from 74 percent to 91 percent, while the gross high school enrollment increased from 67 percent to 84 percent. The university and college admission rate grew from 64 percent to 79 percent, and the gross enrollment rate of higher education increased from 22 percent to 31 percent. This brought Xinjiang to a level of higher education take-up similar to the rest of the country. A full system of vocational education was in place, with 176 secondary vocational and technical schools providing for 219,500 students. |
| 雙語教育全面發(fā)展。20世紀(jì)50年代起，新疆逐步為少數(shù)民族學(xué)生開設(shè)漢語課程，積極穩(wěn)妥推進(jìn)雙語教育。2014年，全區(qū)學(xué)前到高中階段接受雙語教育的學(xué)生達(dá)269.4萬人，各種模式雙語教育覆蓋面達(dá)100%。2010－2014年，學(xué)前兩年雙語教育普及率由59%提高到89%。實(shí)踐證明，雙語教育進(jìn)一步密切了各民族之間的關(guān)系，提高了少數(shù)民族人口的就業(yè)能力。 | Bilingual education has undergone full development. As of the 1950s, ethnic minority students have gradually been offered bilingual courses, thus ensuing steady development in this regard. In 2014, a total of 269,400 Xinjiang students - from pre-school to high school - were receiving bilingual education, and the coverage of bilingual education in various forms reached 100 percent. From 2010 to 2014, the take-up of two-year pre-school bilingual education grew from 59 percent to 89 percent. Practice has proved that bilingual education has further promoted relations among different ethnic groups, in addition to improving the employability of the ethnic minorities. |
| 逐步完善教育保障機(jī)制。與全國(guó)同步實(shí)行農(nóng)村中小學(xué)“兩免一補(bǔ)”政策，免除城市中小學(xué)學(xué)雜費(fèi)，實(shí)現(xiàn)義務(wù)教育全免費(fèi)。在南疆普通高中和中等職業(yè)學(xué)校實(shí)行“三免一補(bǔ)”資助政策，南疆四地州實(shí)現(xiàn)14年免費(fèi)教育。實(shí)施覆蓋36個(gè)縣及內(nèi)初班所有學(xué)生的農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育學(xué)生營(yíng)養(yǎng)改善計(jì)劃。建立完善從學(xué)前教育至高等教育的學(xué)生資助體系，資助范圍擴(kuò)大至海外新疆籍自費(fèi)留學(xué)生，各族學(xué)生公平受教育的權(quán)利得到切實(shí)保障。 | The mechanism for guaranteeing education has improved. In tandem with the rest of China, Xinjiang has implemented the policy of "two exemptions and one subsidy" - exemption from miscellaneous fees and textbook fees, and subsidized living expenses for resident students, and abolishing tuition and miscellaneous fees for urban primary and middle schools and realizing free compulsory education. The policy of "three exemptions and one subsidy" has been implemented for high schools and secondary vocational schools in the four prefectures of southern Xinjiang, i.e., exemption from tuition, textbook and boarding fees, and subsidized living expenses for resident students, in order to realize 14-year free education there. A nutrition improvement program has also been implemented for all rural students undertaking compulsory education, covering 36 counties and all junior high school classes specially set up in some cities in Xinjiang for minority students from remote impoverished areas. A system for subsidizing students from pre-school to higher education has been established, and its coverage even extends to students from Xinjiang studying overseas at their own expense, ensuring that students from all ethnic groups enjoy equal access to education. |
| 衛(wèi)生事業(yè)穩(wěn)步發(fā)展。經(jīng)過60年的發(fā)展，衛(wèi)生資源總量持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系不斷健全。2010年以來，衛(wèi)生事業(yè)作為重要的民生保障目標(biāo)，投入不斷加大。2014年，有各級(jí)各類醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)18873所、衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員153417人；每千人擁有醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)床位數(shù)6.22張、執(zhí)業(yè)（助理）醫(yī)師2.38人、注冊(cè)護(hù)士2.60人，均高于全國(guó)平均水平。重大傳染病、地方病得到有效控制。突發(fā)事件衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急處置能力顯著提升。人口主要健康指標(biāo)顯著改善。2010－2014年，嬰兒死亡率從26.58‰下降到21.65‰，孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率從43.41/10萬下降到39.27/10萬，人均預(yù)期壽命達(dá)到72.35歲。 | Public health has been improved steadily. Through 60 years of development, total healthcare resources continue to expand, while the health service system continues to improve. As a major indicator of people's livelihood, since 2010, financial input in healthcare has kept growing. In 2014, Xinjiang boasted 18,873 medical and health institutions at various levels and of various types, manned by 153,417 health professionals. In the region, every 1,000 people averaged 6.22 hospital beds, 2.38 licensed (assistant) doctors and 2.60 registered nurses, a level higher than the national average. The health emergency response capacity has been significantly enhanced, and major epidemic and endemic diseases have been brought under effective control. Key health indicators have improved remarkably. From 2010 to 2014, the infant mortality rate fell from 2.66 to 2.16 per thousand, the maternal mortality rate went down from 43.41 to 39.27 per 100,000, and average life expectancy reached 72.35 years. |
| 社會(huì)保障水平逐步提高。2011年，新疆在全國(guó)率先建立統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)、覆蓋全民的基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)和基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度，實(shí)現(xiàn)人人享有基本社會(huì)保障。新型農(nóng)牧區(qū)合作醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)參保率99.69%。新型農(nóng)村社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保率98.5%。失業(yè)、工傷和生育保險(xiǎn)制度對(duì)職業(yè)人群全覆蓋。2014年，各項(xiàng)社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)參保總?cè)舜芜_(dá)到3348萬人次，比2009年增加1073萬人次，增長(zhǎng)47%，各項(xiàng)社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)覆蓋率均達(dá)到90%以上，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)應(yīng)保盡保。連續(xù)10年調(diào)整企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金，月人均基本養(yǎng)老金由2009年的1338元提高到2014年的2298元，增幅位居全國(guó)前列。連續(xù)4年提高失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)待遇水平，2014年月人均領(lǐng)取失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)金761元。城鎮(zhèn)居民醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)財(cái)政補(bǔ)助人均年標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由2009年的120元提高到2014年的330元，比全國(guó)平均水平高10元。 | There has been a steady improvement in the provision of social security. In 2011, Xinjiang led the country in establishing systems of basic old-age insurance and basic medical insurance that gave overall consideration to both urban and rural areas and cover all the local population, providing everyone access to basic social security. The coverage of the new cooperative medical system for agricultural and pastoral areas was 99.7 percent. The coverage of the new rural social pension insurance reached 98.5 percent. Unemployment, work-related injury and maternity insurance systems have been extended to cover all occupational groups. In 2014, there were 33.5 million registrations in Xinjiang's various social insurance schemes, an increase of 10.73 million or 47 percent over 2009. The coverage of these insurance schemes exceeded 90 percent, essentially ensuring that all those in need of insurance are provided for. For 10 consecutive years, Xinjiang has adjusted the basic pension for enterprise retirees, increasing the basic monthly pension from an average of RMB1,338 in 2009 up to RMB2,298 in 2014, a level of increase that tops the whole country. For four consecutive years, the unemployment insurance benefits have been increased, with the per-capita average monthly unemployment insurance reaching RMB761 in 2014. The annual per-capita government subsidy for urban residents' medical insurance was raised from RMB120 in 2009 to RMB330 in 2014, RMB10 higher than the national average. |
| 社會(huì)救助不斷加強(qiáng)。最低生活保障等生活救助制度全面建立。生活救助托底保障作用日益明顯。最低生活保障制度覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)“應(yīng)保盡?！?。2009－2014年，城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村居民最低生活保障人均月補(bǔ)助水平分別從176元和68元，提高到329元和129元，各類優(yōu)撫對(duì)象撫恤補(bǔ)助水平增長(zhǎng)1倍。農(nóng)村五保供養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)從集中供養(yǎng)3036元/年、分散供養(yǎng)2280元/年，分別提高到集中供養(yǎng)6750元/年、分散供養(yǎng)4301元/年。2014年，有養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)1726家，床位52183張，每千名老人擁有床位20.6張。80歲以上老人享受基本生活津貼和免費(fèi)體檢。福利機(jī)構(gòu)供養(yǎng)孤兒最低基本生活費(fèi)由2009年360元/月提高到2014年900元/月。 | Social assistance has continued to strengthen. Subsistence allowances and other life assistance systems have been established. Life assistance plays an increasingly important role in underpinning security. The system of subsistence allowances covers both urban and rural areas, again ensuring that all of those in need of insurance are provided for. From 2009 to 2014, the monthly subsistence allowance for urban residents increased from RMB176 per capita to RMB329 per capita, while that of rural residents rose from RMB68 to RMB129. Subsidies for disabled servicemen and family members of revolutionary martyrs and servicemen doubled. For rural households enjoying the "five guarantees" (proper food, clothing, medical care, housing and funeral/educational expenses), subsidies for those living in nursing homes increased from RMB3,036 to RMB6,750 per year, and that for those living at home grew from RMB2,280 to RMB4,301 per year. In 2014, there were 1,726 old people's homes, with a total of 52,183 beds, averaging 20.6 beds per thousand elderly people. People over the age 80 now enjoy a basic living allowance and free medical check-up. The minimum basic living expenses for orphans supported by welfare institutions grew from RMB360 per month in 2009 to RMB900 per month in 2014. |
| 扶貧開發(fā)成效顯著。20世紀(jì)90年代，國(guó)家實(shí)施“八七扶貧攻堅(jiān)計(jì)劃”，期間新疆解決了132萬貧困人口的溫飽問題。2001－2010年，新疆解決了284萬人的溫飽問題，進(jìn)入鞏固溫飽、發(fā)展致富的新階段。2011－2014年，針對(duì)南疆三地州（和田、喀什、克州）、邊境地區(qū)、貧困山區(qū)實(shí)施區(qū)域發(fā)展與扶貧攻堅(jiān)。4年間，僅財(cái)政專項(xiàng)扶貧資金投入就達(dá)到100.8億元，執(zhí)行扶貧項(xiàng)目1.2萬個(gè)，面向貧困人口開展扶貧培訓(xùn)77.5萬人次，在1902個(gè)貧困村實(shí)施整村推進(jìn)扶貧規(guī)劃，減少貧困人口139萬人，貧困地區(qū)農(nóng)牧民生產(chǎn)生活條件顯著改善。 | Remarkable results have been achieved in poverty alleviation. In the 1990s, the state launched the Seven-Year Poverty Alleviation Program (to lift 80 million people out of poverty), during which Xinjiang had managed to solve the problem of providing food and clothing for 1.32 million impoverished people. From 2001 to 2010, Xinjiang solved the problem of shortages of food and clothing for 2.84 million people, thus entering a new stage of consolidation and development in this regard. From 2011 to 2014, Xinjiang carried out policies of regional development and priority poverty alleviation in the three prefectures of southern Xinjiang (Hotan, Kashi and Kizilsu), and in border areas and poor mountainous areas. Over these four years, special funds allocated for poverty relief totaled RMB10.1 billion, 12,000 poverty alleviation projects were implemented, poverty alleviation training was provided to 775,000 recipients, and poverty reduction programs were carried out in 1,902 poverty-stricken villages. Thanks to these efforts, Xinjiang's poverty-stricken population was reduced by 1.39 million, and marked improvement has been seen in the work and living conditions of farmers and herdsmen in the poverty-stricken areas. |
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