目錄

Contents

前言

Preface

一、美國(guó)挑起對(duì)華經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦損害兩國(guó)和全球利益

I. Economic and trade friction provoked by the US damages the interests of both countries and of the wider world

二、美國(guó)在中美經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商中出爾反爾、不講誠(chéng)信

II. The US has backtracked on its commitments in the China-US economic and trade consultations

三、中國(guó)始終堅(jiān)持平等、互利、誠(chéng)信的磋商立場(chǎng)

III. China is committed to credible consultations based on equality and mutual benefit

結(jié)束語(yǔ)

Conclusion

前言

Preface

中美經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系是兩國(guó)關(guān)系的“壓艙石”和“推進(jìn)器”，事關(guān)兩國(guó)人民根本利益，事關(guān)世界繁榮與穩(wěn)定。兩國(guó)建交以來(lái)，雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系持續(xù)發(fā)展，合作領(lǐng)域不斷拓寬，合作水平不斷提高，形成了高度互補(bǔ)、利益交融的互利共贏關(guān)系，不僅兩國(guó)受益，而且惠及全球。

The China-US commercial relationship serves as both the ballast  and the propeller of the overall bilateral relationship. At stake are the fundamental interests of the two peoples, and the prosperity and stability of the world. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the US, bilateral trade and economic relations have come a long way, with expanding fields of cooperation at higher levels. A mutually beneficial and win-win relationship with strong complementarity and interlinked interests has been forged, benefiting not only the two countries but also the entire world.

由于發(fā)展階段、經(jīng)濟(jì)制度不同，兩國(guó)在經(jīng)貿(mào)合作中難免出現(xiàn)分歧和摩擦。在中美經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系發(fā)展歷程中，也曾多次出現(xiàn)波折、面臨困難局面。兩國(guó)本著理性、合作的態(tài)度，通過(guò)對(duì)話協(xié)商解決問(wèn)題，化解了矛盾、縮小了分歧，雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系更趨成熟。

Given the differences in stage of development and economic system, it is inevitable that the two countries will experience differences and friction in their commercial cooperation. The history of China-US trade and economic relations has seen twists and turns and difficult situations. By adopting a rational and cooperative attitude, the two countries have managed to resolve previous conflicts, bridge differences, and render the bilateral commercial relationship more mature through dialogue and consultation.

2017年新一屆美國(guó)政府上任以來(lái)，以加征關(guān)稅等手段相威脅，頻頻挑起與主要貿(mào)易伙伴之間的經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦。2018年3月以來(lái)，針對(duì)美國(guó)政府單方面發(fā)起的中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦，中國(guó)不得不采取有力應(yīng)對(duì)措施，堅(jiān)決捍衛(wèi)國(guó)家和人民利益。同時(shí)，中國(guó)始終堅(jiān)持通過(guò)對(duì)話協(xié)商解決爭(zhēng)議的基本立場(chǎng)，與美國(guó)開(kāi)展多輪經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商，努力穩(wěn)定雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系。中國(guó)的態(tài)度是一貫的、明確的。中美合則兩利，斗則俱傷，合作是雙方唯一正確的選擇。對(duì)于兩國(guó)經(jīng)貿(mào)分歧和摩擦，中國(guó)愿意采取合作的方式加以解決，推動(dòng)達(dá)成互利雙贏的協(xié)議。但合作是有原則的，磋商是有底線的，在重大原則問(wèn)題上中國(guó)決不讓步。對(duì)于貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)，中國(guó)不愿打，不怕打，必要時(shí)不得不打，這個(gè)態(tài)度一直沒(méi)變。

Since it took office in 2017, the new US administration has threatened additional tariffs and other measures and provoked frequent economic and trade friction with its major trading partners. In response to the economic and trade friction unilaterally initiated by the US since March 2018, China has had to take forceful measures to defend the interests of the nation and its people. At the same time, committed to resolving disputes through dialogue and consultation, China has engaged in multiple rounds of economic and trade consultations with the US in an effort to stabilize the bilateral commercial relationship. China's position has been consistent and clear – that cooperation serves the interests of the two countries, that conflict can only hurt both, and that cooperation is the only correct choice for both sides. Concerning their differences and frictions on the economic and trade front, China is willing to work together with the US to find solutions, and to reach a mutually beneficial and win-win agreement. However, cooperation has to be based on principles. There are bottom lines in consultations. China will not compromise on major issues of principle. China does not want a trade war, but it is not afraid of one and it will fight one if necessary. China's position on this has never changed.

為全面介紹中美經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商基本情況，闡明中國(guó)對(duì)中美經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商的政策立場(chǎng)，中國(guó)政府特發(fā)布此白皮書。

To provide a comprehensive picture of the China-US economic and trade consultations, and present China's policy position on these consultations, the Chinese government hereby issues this White Paper.

一、美國(guó)挑起對(duì)華經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦損害兩國(guó)和全球利益

I. Economic and trade friction provoked by the US damages the interests of both countries and of the wider world

現(xiàn)任美國(guó)政府奉行“美國(guó)優(yōu)先”政策，對(duì)外采取一系列單邊主義和保護(hù)主義措施，動(dòng)輒使用關(guān)稅“大棒”，將自身利益訴求強(qiáng)加于他國(guó)。美國(guó)啟用塵封多年的“201調(diào)查”“232調(diào)查”等手段，對(duì)各主要貿(mào)易伙伴頻頻出手，攪亂全球經(jīng)貿(mào)格局。美國(guó)還將矛頭對(duì)準(zhǔn)中國(guó)，于2017年8月啟動(dòng)單邊色彩濃厚的“301調(diào)查”，無(wú)視中國(guó)多年來(lái)在加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)、改善外資營(yíng)商環(huán)境等方面的不懈努力和取得的巨大成績(jī)，對(duì)中國(guó)作出諸多不客觀的負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)，采取加征關(guān)稅、限制投資等經(jīng)貿(mào)限制措施，挑起中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦。

Trumpeting "America First", the current US administration has adopted a series of unilateral and protectionist measures, regularly wielded tariffs as a "big stick" and coerced other countries into accepting its demands. The US has initiated frequent investigations under the long-unused Sections 201 and 232 against its main trading partners, causing disruption to the global economic and trade landscape. Specifically targeting China, in August 2017 it launched a unilateral investigation under Section 301. Turning a blind eye to China's unremitting efforts and remarkable progress in protecting intellectual property and improving the business environment for foreign investors, the US issued a myriad of slanted and negative observations, and imposed additional tariffs and investment restrictions on China, provoking economic and trade friction between the two countries.

美國(guó)無(wú)視中美經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)、發(fā)展階段特點(diǎn)和國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)分工現(xiàn)實(shí)，堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為中國(guó)采取不公平、不對(duì)等的貿(mào)易政策，導(dǎo)致美國(guó)出現(xiàn)對(duì)華貿(mào)易逆差，在雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)交往中“吃了虧”，并對(duì)華采取單邊加征關(guān)稅措施。事實(shí)上，在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化時(shí)代，中美兩國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)高度融合，共同構(gòu)成完整的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈，兩國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)連骨帶筋、互利共贏，把貿(mào)易逆差當(dāng)作“吃虧”是算錯(cuò)了賬。美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)采取的貿(mào)易限制措施不利于中國(guó)，也不利于美國(guó)，更不利于全球。

Turning a blind eye to the nature of the economic structure and the stage of development in China and the US, as well as the reality of the international industrial division of labor, the US insists that China's "unfair" and "non-reciprocal" trade policies have created a trade deficit in bilateral commercial exchanges that constitutes "being taken advantage of", leading to unilateral imposition of additional tariffs on China. In fact, in today's globalized world, the Chinese and American economies are highly integrated and together constitute an entire industrial chain. The two economies are bound in a union that is mutually beneficial and win-win in nature. Equating a trade deficit to being taken advantage of is an error. The restrictive measures the US has imposed on China are not good for China or the US, and still worse for the rest of the world.

（一）美國(guó)加征關(guān)稅措施損人不利己

(I) The tariff measures the US imposed harm others and are of no benefit to itself

美國(guó)政府對(duì)中國(guó)輸美商品加征關(guān)稅，阻礙雙邊貿(mào)易投資合作，影響兩國(guó)乃至全球市場(chǎng)信心和經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行。美國(guó)的關(guān)稅措施導(dǎo)致中國(guó)對(duì)美出口額下滑，2019年1月至4月同比下降9.7%，連續(xù)5個(gè)月下降。同時(shí)，由于中國(guó)不得不針對(duì)美國(guó)加稅采取加征關(guān)稅應(yīng)對(duì)，美國(guó)對(duì)華出口連續(xù)8個(gè)月下降。中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦帶來(lái)的不確定性使兩國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)開(kāi)展投資合作持觀望態(tài)度，中國(guó)對(duì)美投資持續(xù)下滑，美國(guó)對(duì)華投資增速也明顯降低。據(jù)中國(guó)有關(guān)方面統(tǒng)計(jì)，2018年中國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)美直接投資57.9億美元，同比下降10%。2018年美國(guó)實(shí)際對(duì)華投資金額26.9億美元，增速?gòu)?017年的11%大幅回落至1.5%。由于中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦前景不明，世界貿(mào)易組織將2019年全球貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)速度由3.7%下調(diào)至2.6%。

The US administration has imposed additional tariffs on Chinese goods exported to the US, impeding two-way trade and investment cooperation and undermining market confidence and economic stability in the two countries and globally. The US tariff measures lead to a decrease in the volume of China's export to the US, which fell by 9.7 percent year-on-year in the first four months of 2019, dropping for five months in a row. In addition, as China has to impose tariffs as a countermeasure to US tariff hikes, US exports to China have dropped for eight months in a row. The uncertainty brought by US-China economic and trade friction made companies in both countries more hesitant about investing. China's investment in the US continues to fall and the growth rate of US investment in China has also slowed down. According to Chinese statistics, direct investment by Chinese companies in the US was US$5.79 billion in 2018, down by 10 percent year-on-year. In 2018, paid-in US investment in China was US$2.69 billion, up by only 1.5 percent year-on-year compared with an increase of 11 percent in 2017. With the outlook for China-US trade friction unclear, the WTO has lowered its forecast for global trade growth in 2019 from 3.7 percent to 2.6 percent.

（二）貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)沒(méi)有給美國(guó)帶來(lái)所謂的“再次偉大”

(II) The trade war has not "made America great again"

加征關(guān)稅措施不僅沒(méi)有推動(dòng)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，反而帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重傷害。

The tariff measures have not boosted American economic growth. Instead, they have done serious harm to the US economy.

一是提高美國(guó)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)成本。中美制造業(yè)相互依存度很高，許多美國(guó)制造商依賴中國(guó)的原材料和中間品，短期內(nèi)難以找到合適的替代供應(yīng)商，只能承擔(dān)加征關(guān)稅的成本。

First, the tariff measures have significantly increased production costs for US companies. The Chinese and US manufacturing sectors are highly dependent on each other. Many American manufacturers depend on China's raw materials and intermediary goods. As it is hard for them to find good alternative suppliers in the short term, they will have to bear the costs of the tariff hikes.

二是抬升美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)物價(jià)。進(jìn)口中國(guó)物美價(jià)廉的消費(fèi)品是美國(guó)通脹率長(zhǎng)期保持低位的重要因素之一。加征關(guān)稅后，中國(guó)產(chǎn)品最終銷售價(jià)格提高，實(shí)際上美國(guó)消費(fèi)者也承擔(dān)了關(guān)稅成本。美國(guó)全國(guó)零售商聯(lián)合會(huì)研究顯示，僅對(duì)中國(guó)家具征收25%關(guān)稅一項(xiàng)，就使美國(guó)消費(fèi)者每年多付出46億美元的額外支出。

Second, the tariff measures lead to domestic price hikes in the US. The import of value-for-money consumer goods from China is a key factor behind the long-term low inflation in the US. After the additional tariffs were imposed, the final selling price of Chinese products increased, leaving American consumers effectively bearing some tariff costs. According to research by the US National Retail Federation, the 25 percent additional tariffs on furniture alone will cost the US consumer an additional US$4.6 billion per year.

三是影響美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和民生。美國(guó)商會(huì)和榮鼎集團(tuán)2019年3月聯(lián)合發(fā)布的報(bào)告顯示，受中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦影響，2019年及未來(lái)4年美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值將可能每年減少640億至910億美元，約占美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值總額的0.3%－0.5%。如美國(guó)對(duì)所有中國(guó)輸美商品征收25%關(guān)稅，未來(lái)10年美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值將累計(jì)減少1萬(wàn)億美元。美國(guó)智庫(kù)“貿(mào)易伙伴”（Trade Partnership）2019年2月發(fā)布的研究報(bào)告顯示，如美國(guó)對(duì)所有中國(guó)輸美商品加征25%的關(guān)稅，美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值將減少1.01%，就業(yè)崗位將減少216萬(wàn)個(gè)，一個(gè)四口之家每年支出將增加2294美元。

Third, the tariff measures have an impact on US economic growth and people's livelihood. A joint report by the US Chamber of Commerce and the Rhodium Group in March 2019 showed that, under the impact of China-US economic and trade friction, US GDP in 2019 and the next four years could decrease by US$64-91 billion per year, about 0.3-0.5 percent of total US GDP. If the US imposes 25 percent tariffs on all Chinese goods exported to the US, US GDP will decrease by US$1 trillion in the next ten years cumulatively. According to a research report in February 2019 by Trade Partnership, an American think-tank, if the US imposes 25 percent additional tariffs on all imported Chinese goods, US GDP will decrease by 1.01 percent, with 2.16 million job losses and an additional annual burden of US$2,294 on a family of four.

四是阻礙美對(duì)華出口。美中貿(mào)易全國(guó)委員會(huì)2019年5月1日發(fā)布的《各州對(duì)華出口報(bào)告——2019》指出，2009年至2018年十年間，美國(guó)對(duì)華出口支撐了超過(guò)110萬(wàn)個(gè)美國(guó)就業(yè)崗位，中國(guó)市場(chǎng)對(duì)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)至關(guān)重要。在此十年中，美國(guó)48個(gè)州對(duì)華貨物出口實(shí)現(xiàn)累計(jì)增長(zhǎng)，其中44個(gè)州實(shí)現(xiàn)兩位數(shù)增長(zhǎng)，但在中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦加劇的2018年，美國(guó)僅有16個(gè)州對(duì)華貨物出口實(shí)現(xiàn)增長(zhǎng)，34個(gè)州對(duì)華出口下降，其中24個(gè)州出現(xiàn)兩位數(shù)降幅，中西部農(nóng)業(yè)州受損最為嚴(yán)重。受關(guān)稅措施影響的美國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品對(duì)華出口同比減少33.1%，其中大豆降幅近50%，美國(guó)業(yè)界擔(dān)心從此失去培育了近40年的中國(guó)市場(chǎng)。

Fourth, the tariff measures lead to barriers to US exports to China. The 2019 State Export Report, published by the US-China Business Council on May 1, 2019, stated that in the ten years from 2009 to 2018, US exports to China supported over 1.1 million jobs. The Chinese market continues its importance to US economic growth. Forty-eight states of the US have increased their goods exports to China during the last decade – 44 of them by double digits – while in 2018, when economic and trade friction worsened, only 16 states increased their goods exports to China. Thirty-four states exported fewer goods to China, with 24 of them seeing a double-digit decrease. The Midwestern agricultural states were hit particularly hard. Under tariff measures, exports of American agricultural produce to China decreased by 33.1 percent year-on-year, including a 50 percent drop in soybeans. US businesses are worried that they might lose the Chinese market, which they have been cultivating for nearly 40 years.

（三）美國(guó)貿(mào)易霸凌行徑殃及全球

(III) US trade bullying harms the world

經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化是不可阻擋的時(shí)代潮流，以鄰為壑的單邊主義、保護(hù)主義不得人心。美國(guó)采取的一系列貿(mào)易保護(hù)措施，違反世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)則，損害多邊貿(mào)易體制，嚴(yán)重干擾全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈和供應(yīng)鏈，損害市場(chǎng)信心，給全球經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇帶來(lái)嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)，給經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化趨勢(shì)造成重大威脅。

Economic globalization is a firmly-established trend of the times. Beggar-thy-neighbor unilateralism and protectionism are unpopular. The trade protectionist measures taken by the US go against the WTO rules, damage the multilateral trading system, seriously disrupt global industrial chains and supply chains, undermine market confidence, and pose a serious challenge to global economic recovery and a major threat to the trend of economic globalization.

一是損害多邊貿(mào)易體制權(quán)威。美國(guó)依據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)法發(fā)起“201”“232”“301”等一系列單邊調(diào)查，并采取加征關(guān)稅措施，嚴(yán)重違反世界貿(mào)易組織最基本最核心的最惠國(guó)待遇、關(guān)稅約束等規(guī)則。這種單邊主義、保護(hù)主義行為不僅損害中國(guó)和其他成員利益，更損害了世界貿(mào)易組織及其爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制的權(quán)威性，使多邊貿(mào)易體制和國(guó)際貿(mào)易秩序面臨險(xiǎn)境。

First, the US measures are undermining the authority of the multilateral trading system. The US has launched a series of unilateral investigations, including those under Sections 201, 232 and 301, and imposed tariff measures. These are a serious breach of the most fundamental and central WTO rules, including most-favored-nation treatment and tariff binding. Such unilateralist and protectionist actions have harmed the interests of China and other WTO members. More importantly, they have undermined the authority of the WTO and its dispute settlement system, and exposed the multilateral trading system and international trade order to peril.

二是威脅全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。全球經(jīng)濟(jì)尚未完全走出國(guó)際金融危機(jī)的陰影，美國(guó)政府升級(jí)經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦、提高關(guān)稅水平，相關(guān)國(guó)家不得不采取相應(yīng)措施，導(dǎo)致全球經(jīng)貿(mào)秩序紊亂，阻礙全球經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇，殃及各國(guó)企業(yè)發(fā)展和人民福祉，使全球經(jīng)濟(jì)落入“衰退陷阱”。2019年1月，世界銀行發(fā)布《全球經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》報(bào)告，將2019年全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)預(yù)期進(jìn)一步降至2.9%，貿(mào)易關(guān)系持續(xù)緊張是主要下行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之一。國(guó)際貨幣基金組織2019年4月發(fā)布的《世界經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》報(bào)告，將2019年全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)預(yù)期從2018年預(yù)計(jì)的3.6%下調(diào)至3.3%，并表示經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦可能會(huì)進(jìn)一步抑制全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，繼續(xù)削弱本已疲弱的投資。

Second, the US measures threaten global economic growth. With the shadow of the international financial crisis still lingering over the global economy, the US government has escalated economic and trade friction and hiked additional tariffs, provoking corresponding measures by the countries involved. This disrupts global economic and trade order, dampens world economic recovery, and undermines the development of companies and the well-being of people in all countries, plunging the world economy into the "recession trap". 

Global Economic Prospects released by the World Bank in January 2019 revised its forecast for global economic growth down further to 2.9 percent, citing continuous trade friction as a major downward risk. The International Monetary Fund also marked down its projection of world economic growth for 2019 to 3.3 percent from the 2018 estimate of 3.6 percent in its World Economic Outlook report published in April 2019, suggesting that economic and trade friction could further depress global economic growth and weaken already anemic investment.

三是擾亂全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈、供應(yīng)鏈。中美都是全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈、供應(yīng)鏈的重要環(huán)節(jié)。中國(guó)對(duì)美出口的最終產(chǎn)品中包含大量從他國(guó)進(jìn)口的中間產(chǎn)品和零部件。美國(guó)對(duì)來(lái)自中國(guó)的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品加征關(guān)稅，受害的將是包括美國(guó)企業(yè)在內(nèi)的與中國(guó)企業(yè)合作的眾多跨國(guó)公司。加征關(guān)稅措施導(dǎo)致供應(yīng)鏈成本人為增加，影響供應(yīng)鏈的穩(wěn)定和安全。部分企業(yè)被迫調(diào)整供應(yīng)鏈全球布局，全球資源無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳配置。

Third, the US moves disrupt global industrial and supply chains. China and the US are both key links in global industrial and supply chains. Given the large volume of intermediary goods and components from other countries in Chinese end-products exported to the US, US tariff hikes will hurt all the multinationals – not least those from the US – that work with Chinese companies. The tariff measures artificially drive up the costs of supply chains, and undermine their stability and security. As a result, some businesses are forced to readjust their global supply chains at the expense of optimal resource allocation.

可以預(yù)見(jiàn)，美國(guó)最新采取的對(duì)華關(guān)稅升級(jí)措施，不但解決不了問(wèn)題，還將進(jìn)一步損害各方利益，中國(guó)對(duì)此堅(jiān)決反對(duì)。近期，美國(guó)政府以所謂國(guó)家安全的“莫須有”名義，連續(xù)對(duì)華為等多家中國(guó)企業(yè)實(shí)施“長(zhǎng)臂管轄”制裁，中國(guó)同樣堅(jiān)決反對(duì)。

It is foreseeable that the latest US tariff hikes on China, far from resolving issues, will only make things worse for all sides. China stands firm in opposition. Recently, the US administration imposed "long-arm jurisdiction" and sanctions against Huawei and other Chinese companies on the fabricated basis of national security, to which China is also firmly opposed.

二、美國(guó)在中美經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商中出爾反爾、不講誠(chéng)信

II. The US has backtracked on its commitments in the China-US economic and trade consultations

美國(guó)挑起經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦后，中國(guó)不得不采取應(yīng)對(duì)措施，兩國(guó)貿(mào)易、投資關(guān)系受到影響。雙方從兩國(guó)人民福祉需要、從各自經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展需要出發(fā)，都認(rèn)為有必要坐下來(lái)進(jìn)行談判，通過(guò)磋商解決問(wèn)題。自2018年2月經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商啟動(dòng)以來(lái)，已取得很大進(jìn)展，兩國(guó)就大部分內(nèi)容達(dá)成共識(shí)，但磋商也經(jīng)歷了幾次波折，每次波折都源于美國(guó)的違背共識(shí)、出爾反爾、不講誠(chéng)信。

In response to the economic and trade friction started by the US, China has been forced to take countermeasures, as bilateral trade and investment relations took a hit. For the well-being of the Chinese and American people and the economic development of the two countries, both sides deemed it necessary to come to the negotiating table to seek a solution through consultation. Since they were launched in February 2018, the economic and trade consultations have come a long way with the two sides agreeing on most parts of the deal. But the consultations have not been free of setbacks, each of them being the result of a US breach of consensus and commitments, and backtracking. 

（一）第一次出爾反爾

(I) The first US backtracking

中國(guó)從一開(kāi)始就主張，中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦應(yīng)通過(guò)談判磋商解決。2018年2月初，美國(guó)政府提出希望中國(guó)派高級(jí)別代表團(tuán)赴美進(jìn)行經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商。中國(guó)展示了極大誠(chéng)意，作出積極努力，先后與美國(guó)舉行了數(shù)輪高級(jí)別經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商，重點(diǎn)就貿(mào)易不平衡等問(wèn)題深入交換意見(jiàn)，并就擴(kuò)大自美國(guó)進(jìn)口農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、能源產(chǎn)品等初步達(dá)成共識(shí)，取得重要進(jìn)展。但是，2018年3月22日，美國(guó)政府拋出所謂對(duì)華“301調(diào)查”報(bào)告，對(duì)中國(guó)提出“盜竊知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)”“強(qiáng)制技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓”等不實(shí)指責(zé)，并基于此宣稱將對(duì)從中國(guó)進(jìn)口的價(jià)值500億美元商品加征25%關(guān)稅。

China had advocated resolving economic and trade friction through negotiation and consultation from the start. In early February 2018, the US government expressed the wish that China send a high-level delegation to the US to engage in economic and trade consultation. Demonstrating great goodwill and positive efforts, China held several rounds of high-level economic and trade consultations with the US, characterized by in-depth exchanges of views on trade imbalance among other major issues. The two sides made substantial progress as they reached preliminary consensus on expanding China's imports of agricultural and energy products from the US. However, on March 22, 2018, the US government unveiled the so-called report on Section 301 investigation of China, falsely accusing China of "IP theft" and "forced technology transfer", and subsequently announced an additional tariff of 25 percent on US$50 billion of Chinese exports to the US. 

（二）第二次出爾反爾

(II) The second US backtracking 

中國(guó)政府以兩國(guó)關(guān)系大局為重，再次派出工作團(tuán)隊(duì)同美國(guó)進(jìn)行了認(rèn)真磋商。2018年5月19日，中美發(fā)布聯(lián)合聲明，達(dá)成了“雙方不打貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)”的共識(shí)，同意繼續(xù)保持高層溝通，積極尋求解決各自關(guān)注的經(jīng)貿(mào)問(wèn)題。美國(guó)公開(kāi)表示，暫停推進(jìn)對(duì)華加征關(guān)稅計(jì)劃。2018年5月29日，美國(guó)政府不顧國(guó)內(nèi)工商界和廣大民眾的反對(duì)，在雙方發(fā)布聯(lián)合聲明僅10天后就推翻磋商共識(shí)，對(duì)中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制、貿(mào)易政策橫加指責(zé)，宣布將繼續(xù)推進(jìn)加征關(guān)稅計(jì)劃。自2018年7月初以來(lái)，美國(guó)分三次對(duì)500億美元中國(guó)輸美商品加征25%的關(guān)稅、對(duì)2000億美元中國(guó)輸美商品加征10%的關(guān)稅，并稱自2019年1月1日起將稅率提高至25%。美國(guó)還威脅要對(duì)剩余所有中國(guó)輸美商品加征關(guān)稅，導(dǎo)致兩國(guó)間的經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦快速升級(jí)。中國(guó)為捍衛(wèi)國(guó)家尊嚴(yán)和人民利益，不得不作出必要反應(yīng)，累計(jì)對(duì)1100億美元美國(guó)輸華商品加征關(guān)稅。

Taking a big-picture view of the bilateral relationship, the Chinese government sent a working team again to the US to engage in genuine consultations. On May 19, 2018, China and the US issued a joint statement, agreeing to refrain from fighting a trade war, to continue high-level communications, and to actively seek solutions to respective economic and trade concerns. The US publicly announced that it would suspend the plan for additional tariffs on Chinese goods. On May 29, 2018, despite the opposition of its domestic business community and the general public, the US administration tore up the consensus just ten days after the joint statement, gratuitously criticizing China's economic system and trade policy, while announcing the resumption of the tariff program. Starting from early July 2018, in three steps, the US imposed additional tariffs of 25 percent on Chinese exports worth US$50 billion, and additional tariffs of 10 percent on US$200 billion of Chinese exports, which, according to the US, would be raised to 25 percent on January 1, 2019. In addition, the US threatened further tariffs on all remaining Chinese exports, leading to quick escalation of the economic and trade friction between the two countries. In defense of its national dignity and its people's interests, China had to respond in kind and raised tariffs on imports worth US$110 billion from the US.

（三）第三次出爾反爾

(III) The third US backtracking

2018年11月1日，美國(guó)總統(tǒng)特朗普同習(xí)近平主席通電話，并提議舉行兩國(guó)元首會(huì)晤。12月1日，中美兩國(guó)元首在阿根廷二十國(guó)集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人峰會(huì)期間舉行會(huì)晤，就雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)問(wèn)題達(dá)成重要共識(shí)，同意停止相互加征新的關(guān)稅，在90天內(nèi)加緊開(kāi)展磋商，朝著取消所有加征關(guān)稅的方向努力。此后90天里，中美工作團(tuán)隊(duì)在北京和華盛頓舉行3輪高級(jí)別磋商，就中美經(jīng)貿(mào)協(xié)議的原則內(nèi)容達(dá)成許多初步共識(shí)。2019年2月25日，美方宣布推遲原定的3月1日起對(duì)價(jià)值2000億美元中國(guó)輸美商品提高關(guān)稅的期限。3月底至4月底，兩國(guó)工作團(tuán)隊(duì)又進(jìn)行3輪高級(jí)別磋商，取得實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)展。經(jīng)過(guò)多輪磋商，兩國(guó)已就大部分問(wèn)題達(dá)成一致。針對(duì)遺留問(wèn)題，中國(guó)政府提出，雙方要互諒互讓，共同尋找解決分歧的辦法。

On November 1, 2018, US President Donald Trump had a telephone conversation with Chinese President Xi Jinping and proposed a summit meeting. On December 1 the two presidents had a meeting on the margins of the G20 Summit in Argentina. In accordance with their important consensus on economic and trade issues, the two sides agreed to halt new additional tariffs for 90 days to allow for intensive talks geared toward the full elimination of all additional tariffs. In the ensuing 90 days, the working teams of China and the US held three rounds of high-level consultations in Beijing and Washington D.C., reaching preliminary consensus on many matters of principle for the China-US economic and trade deal. On February 25, 2019, the US announced the postponement of the additional tariffs scheduled for March 1 on US$200 billion of Chinese exports to the US. From late March to early April, the working teams of the two countries held another three rounds of high-level consultations and made substantial progress. Following numerous rounds of consultations, the two countries had agreed on most of the issues. Regarding the remaining issues, the Chinese government urged mutual understanding and compromise for solutions to be found.

然而，美國(guó)政府得寸進(jìn)尺，采取霸凌主義態(tài)度和極限施壓手段，堅(jiān)持不合理的高要價(jià)，堅(jiān)持不取消經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦以來(lái)加征的全部關(guān)稅，堅(jiān)持在協(xié)議中寫入涉及中國(guó)主權(quán)事務(wù)的強(qiáng)制性要求，導(dǎo)致雙方遲遲未能彌合剩余分歧。2019年5月6日，美國(guó)不負(fù)責(zé)任地指責(zé)中國(guó)立場(chǎng)“倒退”，企圖將談判迄未完成的責(zé)任歸咎于中國(guó)，并不顧中國(guó)堅(jiān)決反對(duì)，自5月10日起將2000億美元中國(guó)輸美商品加征關(guān)稅稅率由10%提高至25%，導(dǎo)致中美經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商嚴(yán)重受挫。5月13日，美國(guó)宣布啟動(dòng)對(duì)剩余約3000億美元中國(guó)輸美商品加征關(guān)稅的程序。上述舉動(dòng)與中美元首通過(guò)磋商化解摩擦的共識(shí)相悖，與兩國(guó)和世界各國(guó)人民的期待相悖，給雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商和世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)前景蒙上了陰影。為捍衛(wèi)自身利益，中國(guó)不得不采取加征關(guān)稅的措施予以應(yīng)對(duì)。

But the more the US government is offered, the more it wants. Resorting to intimidation and coercion, it persisted with exorbitant demands, maintained the additional tariffs imposed since the friction began, and insisted on including mandatory requirements concerning China's sovereign affairs in the deal, which only served to delay the resolution of remaining differences. On May 6, 2019, the US irresponsibly accused China of backtracking on its position to shift the blame for the inconclusive talks onto China. Despite China's fierce opposition, the US raised the additional tariffs on US$200 billion of Chinese exports to the US from 10 percent to 25 percent, which represented a serious setback to the economic and trade consultations. On May 13 the US announced that it had launched procedures to slap additional tariffs on remaining Chinese goods, which are worth around US$300 billion. These acts contradicted the agreement reached by the two presidents to ease friction through consultation – and the expectations of people around the world – casting a shadow over the bilateral economic and trade consultations and world economic growth. In defense of its own interests, China had to take tariff measures in response.

（四）中美經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商嚴(yán)重受挫，責(zé)任完全在美國(guó)政府

(IV) The US government should bear the sole and entire responsibility for this severe setback to the China-US economic and trade consultations

美國(guó)政府指責(zé)中國(guó)在磋商中“開(kāi)倒車”完全是無(wú)稽之談。在雙方磋商仍在進(jìn)行的過(guò)程中，就文本內(nèi)容及相關(guān)表述提出修改建議、做出調(diào)整，這是貿(mào)易談判的通常做法，美國(guó)政府在過(guò)去十余輪談判中曾不斷調(diào)整相關(guān)訴求，隨意指責(zé)中方“倒退”是不負(fù)責(zé)任的。歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)證明，試圖通過(guò)潑臟水、拆臺(tái)、極限施壓等手段達(dá)成協(xié)議，只會(huì)破壞雙方合作關(guān)系，錯(cuò)失歷史機(jī)遇。

The US government accusation of Chinese backtracking is totally groundless. It is common practice for both sides to make new proposals for adjustments to the text and language in ongoing consultations. In the previous more than ten rounds of negotiations, the US administration kept changing its demands. It is reckless to accuse China of "backtracking" while the talks are still under way. Historical experience has proved that any attempt to force a deal through tactics such as smears, undermining and maximum pressure will only spoil the cooperative relationship. Historic opportunities will be missed. 

君子之國(guó)，先禮后兵。美國(guó)提出新的關(guān)稅威脅后，國(guó)際社會(huì)普遍擔(dān)憂中國(guó)可能取消赴美磋商計(jì)劃，關(guān)注中美經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商何去何從。中國(guó)從維護(hù)中美經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系的大局出發(fā)，保持理性、克制的態(tài)度，按照雙方此前約定，于2019年5月9日至10日派出高級(jí)別代表團(tuán)赴美進(jìn)行第十一輪經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商，展示與美國(guó)通過(guò)對(duì)話解決經(jīng)貿(mào)分歧的最大誠(chéng)意和負(fù)責(zé)任態(tài)度。中美雙方進(jìn)行了坦誠(chéng)、建設(shè)性的交流，同意努力管控分歧，繼續(xù)推進(jìn)磋商。中國(guó)對(duì)美國(guó)單邊加征關(guān)稅的做法表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)，闡明嚴(yán)正立場(chǎng)，表示將不得不采取必要措施予以回?fù)?。中?guó)再次強(qiáng)調(diào)，經(jīng)貿(mào)協(xié)議必須是平等、互利的，在涉及中國(guó)核心利益的重大原則問(wèn)題上決不會(huì)讓步。雙方達(dá)成協(xié)議的前提是美國(guó)取消全部加征關(guān)稅，采購(gòu)要符合實(shí)際，同時(shí)確保協(xié)議文本平衡，符合雙方共同利益。

A civilized country turns to forceful measures only when gentler approaches have failed. After the US issued the new tariff threat, the international community was widely concerned that China might cancel the consultation visit to the US. It kept a close watch on the future direction of the China-US trade negotiations. Bearing in mind the broader interests of trade and economic relations between the two countries, China remained cool-headed, exercised restraint, and sent a senior delegation to the US, as agreed, for the 11th round of economic and trade consultation from May 9 to 10. In doing so, China demonstrated the greatest sincerity and a strong sense of responsibility for resolving trade disputes through dialogue. In the following candid and constructive discussions, the two sides agreed to manage differences and continue consultations. China expressed strong opposition to the unilateral tariff increase by the US and stated its firm position that it would have to take necessary countermeasures. China emphasized once again that trade deals must be based on equality and mutual benefit. China will never compromise on major principles concerning China's core interests. One prerequisite for a trade deal is that the US should remove all additional tariffs imposed on Chinese exports and China's purchase of US goods should be realistic while ensuring that a proper balance in the text of the agreement is achieved to serve the common interests of both sides.

三、中國(guó)始終堅(jiān)持平等、互利、誠(chéng)信的磋商立場(chǎng)

III. China is committed to credible consultations based on equality and mutual benefit

中國(guó)政府始終認(rèn)為，以貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)相威脅，不斷加征關(guān)稅的做法無(wú)益于經(jīng)貿(mào)問(wèn)題的解決。中美應(yīng)秉持相互尊重、平等互利的精神，本著善意和誠(chéng)信，通過(guò)磋商解決問(wèn)題，縮小分歧，擴(kuò)大共同利益，共同維護(hù)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展。

The Chinese government rejects the idea that threats of a trade war and continuous tariff hikes can ever help resolve trade and economic issues. Guided by a spirit of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit, the two countries should push forward consultations based on good faith and credibility in a bid to address issues, narrow differences, expand common interests, and jointly safeguard global economic stability and development. 

（一）磋商要相互尊重、平等互利

(I) Consultations should be based on mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit

作為世界上最大的兩個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體和貿(mào)易大國(guó)，中美經(jīng)貿(mào)合作中存在一些分歧是正常的，關(guān)鍵是如何增進(jìn)互信、促進(jìn)合作、管控分歧。中國(guó)從維護(hù)兩國(guó)共同利益和世界貿(mào)易秩序大局出發(fā)，堅(jiān)持通過(guò)對(duì)話協(xié)商解決問(wèn)題，以最大的耐心和誠(chéng)意回應(yīng)美國(guó)提出的關(guān)切，以求同存異的態(tài)度妥善處理分歧，克服各種困難，提出務(wù)實(shí)解決方案，為推動(dòng)雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商作出艱苦努力。磋商過(guò)程中，中國(guó)始終秉持相互尊重、平等互利的原則，致力于推動(dòng)達(dá)成雙方都能接受的協(xié)議。

It is only natural for China and the US, the two largest economies and trading nations in the world, to experience some differences over trade and economic cooperation. What truly matters is how to enhance mutual trust, promote cooperation and manage differences. For the good of the common interests of the two countries and global trade order, and in a strenuous effort to push forward the economic and trade consultations, China remains committed to resolving issues through dialogue and consultation, responding to US concerns with the greatest patience and sincerity, properly handling differences while seeking common ground, and overcoming obstacles to practical solutions. During the consultations, in accordance with the principle of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit, China's only intention is to reach a mutually acceptable deal.

相互尊重，就是要尊重對(duì)方社會(huì)制度、經(jīng)濟(jì)體制、發(fā)展道路和權(quán)利，尊重彼此核心利益和重大關(guān)切，不挑戰(zhàn)“底線”，不逾越“紅線”，不能以犧牲一方的發(fā)展權(quán)為代價(jià)，更不能損害一國(guó)的主權(quán)。平等互利，就是雙方磋商的地位是平等的，磋商成果是互利的，最終達(dá)成的協(xié)議是雙贏的。如果一方強(qiáng)壓另一方進(jìn)行談判，或者談判結(jié)果僅讓單方得利，這樣的談判不會(huì)取得成功。

Mutual respect means that each side should respect the other's social institutions, economic system, development path and rights, core interests, and major concerns. It also means that one side should not cross the other's "red lines". The right to development cannot be sacrificed, still the less can sovereignty be undermined. As regards equality and mutual benefit, we must ensure that the two sides in the consultations operate on an equal footing, that results are mutually beneficial, and that any final agreement is a win-win one. Negotiations will get nowhere if one side tries to coerce the other or if only one party will benefit from the outcomes. 

（二）磋商要相向而行、誠(chéng)信為本

(II) Consultation involves working toward the same goal in good faith

磋商需要雙方相互理解和共同努力。磋商是當(dāng)事的相關(guān)方通過(guò)討論，對(duì)面臨的問(wèn)題尋求共識(shí)或者相互妥協(xié)的過(guò)程。磋商期間的變量很多。各方從自身利益出發(fā)，在不同階段對(duì)各種變化做出不同反應(yīng)，這是磋商的常態(tài)。中國(guó)政府認(rèn)為，經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商是尋求解決問(wèn)題的有效途徑。各方只有在磋商過(guò)程中都抱著善意的態(tài)度，充分理解對(duì)方立場(chǎng)，才能為磋商獲得成功創(chuàng)造良好條件。否則，就無(wú)法形成達(dá)成長(zhǎng)期有效協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)，難以達(dá)成可持續(xù)、可執(zhí)行的協(xié)議。

Consultation calls for mutual understanding and genuine effort from both sides. Consultation is a process where the parties concerned seek consensus or make compromise through discussion. Many factors are at play in consultation. It is perfectly normal during consultations for the parties to react differently to various changes at different stages based on their own interests.

The Chinese government believes that economic and trade consultation is an effective way to solve issues. None other than engagement with goodwill and a full understanding of the other's position can contribute to success. Otherwise, it will be hard to reach a sustainable and enforceable deal as the parties will not find the ground for a long-term and effective agreement.

誠(chéng)信是磋商的基礎(chǔ)。中國(guó)政府始終以誠(chéng)信為本，抱著極大的誠(chéng)意與美國(guó)政府進(jìn)行磋商。中國(guó)高度重視美國(guó)關(guān)切，努力尋找化解雙方分歧的有效途徑和辦法。雙方已舉行的11輪高級(jí)別經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商取得重大進(jìn)展，這些磋商成果既符合中國(guó)利益，也符合美國(guó)利益，是雙方共同努力、相向而行的結(jié)果。中國(guó)在磋商中講信用重承諾，并多次強(qiáng)調(diào)，如雙方達(dá)成協(xié)議，中國(guó)對(duì)所作的承諾一定會(huì)認(rèn)真、切實(shí)履行。

Good faith is the foundation of consultation. The Chinese government has engaged in these consultations with the US with the utmost credibility and the greatest sincerity. Attaching great importance to US concerns, China has worked hard to look for effective paths and find ways to address differences. The 11 rounds of high-level consultations have made significant progress. The outcomes of the consultations have not only served the interests of China, but also those of the US, as a result of both sides' efforts to pull in the same direction. China has kept its word during the consultations. China has emphasized repeatedly that if a trade agreement is reached, it will honor its commitments sincerely and faithfully.

（三）中國(guó)在原則問(wèn)題上決不讓步

(III) China will not give ground on issues of principle

任何國(guó)家都有自己的原則。磋商中，一國(guó)的主權(quán)和尊嚴(yán)必須得到尊重，雙方達(dá)成的協(xié)議應(yīng)是平等互利的。對(duì)于重大原則問(wèn)題，中國(guó)決不退讓。中美雙方都應(yīng)看到并承認(rèn)國(guó)家發(fā)展的差異性、階段性，尊重對(duì)方發(fā)展道路和基本制度。既不能指望通過(guò)一個(gè)協(xié)議解決所有的問(wèn)題，也需要確保協(xié)議同時(shí)滿足雙方的需求，實(shí)現(xiàn)協(xié)議的平衡性。

Every country has its own matters of principle. During consultations, a country's sovereignty and dignity must be respected, and any agreement reached by the two sides must be based on equality and mutual benefit. On major issues of principle, China will not back down. Both China and the US should see and recognize their countries' differences in national development and in stage of development, and respect each other's development path and basic institutions. While no one expects to resolve all issues through one single agreement, it is necessary to ensure that any agreement will satisfy the needs of both sides and achieve a balance.

美國(guó)近期宣布提高對(duì)華加征關(guān)稅，不利于解決雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)問(wèn)題，中國(guó)對(duì)此強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)，不得不作出反應(yīng)，維護(hù)自身合法權(quán)益。中國(guó)的立場(chǎng)和態(tài)度是一貫的、明確的，中國(guó)希望通過(guò)對(duì)話而不是關(guān)稅措施解決問(wèn)題。為了中國(guó)人民的利益，為了美國(guó)人民的利益，為了全世界人民的利益，中國(guó)會(huì)理性對(duì)待，但是中國(guó)不會(huì)畏懼任何壓力，也做好準(zhǔn)備迎接任何挑戰(zhàn)。談，大門敞開(kāi)；打，奉陪到底。

The recent US move to increase tariffs on Chinese exports does not help to solve bilateral trade issues. China strongly opposes this and has to respond to safeguard its lawful rights and interests. China has been consistent and clear on its position, that it hopes to resolve issues through dialogue rather than tariff measures. China will act rationally in the interests of the Chinese people, the American people, and all other peoples around the world. However, China will not bow under pressure and will rise to any challenge coming its way. China is open to negotiation, but will also fight to the end if needed.

（四）任何挑戰(zhàn)都擋不住中國(guó)前進(jìn)的步伐

(IV) No challenge will hold back China's development

中國(guó)的發(fā)展不會(huì)一帆風(fēng)順，必然會(huì)有艱難險(xiǎn)阻甚至驚濤駭浪。面對(duì)各種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和挑戰(zhàn)，中國(guó)有信心迎難而上，化危為機(jī)，開(kāi)拓一片新天地。

China's development may not be all smooth sailing. Difficulties or even perils are inevitable. Whatever the future might bring, China is confident of meeting challenges head on, turning risks into opportunities, and opening new chapters. 

無(wú)論形勢(shì)如何發(fā)展變化，中國(guó)都堅(jiān)持做好自己的事情。通過(guò)改革開(kāi)放發(fā)展壯大自己，是應(yīng)對(duì)經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦的根本之道。中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)需求巨大，供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革的推進(jìn)將帶來(lái)產(chǎn)品和企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的全面提升，財(cái)政和貨幣政策有充分空間，中國(guó)能保持經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的良好態(tài)勢(shì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)前景非常樂(lè)觀。

China remains committed to its own cause no matter how the external environment changes. The fundamental solution to economic and trade tensions is to grow stronger through reform and opening up. With the enormous demand from the domestic market, deeper supply-side structural reform will comprehensively enhance the competitiveness of Chinese products and companies. We still have sufficient room for fiscal and monetary policy maneuvers. China can maintain sound momentum for sustainable and healthy economic development, and its economic prospects are bright.

中國(guó)將繼續(xù)深化改革開(kāi)放，中國(guó)的大門不會(huì)關(guān)上，只會(huì)越開(kāi)越大。習(xí)近平主席在第二屆“一帶一路”國(guó)際合作高峰論壇開(kāi)幕式主旨演講中宣布，中國(guó)將采取一系列重大改革開(kāi)放舉措，加強(qiáng)制度性、結(jié)構(gòu)性安排，促進(jìn)更高水平對(duì)外開(kāi)放，包括更廣領(lǐng)域擴(kuò)大外資市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入、更大力度加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)國(guó)際合作、更大規(guī)模增加商品和服務(wù)進(jìn)口、更加有效實(shí)施國(guó)際宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策協(xié)調(diào)、更加重視對(duì)外開(kāi)放政策貫徹落實(shí)。一個(gè)更加開(kāi)放的中國(guó)，將同世界形成更加良性的互動(dòng)，帶來(lái)更加進(jìn)步和繁榮的中國(guó)和世界。

China will continue to deepen reform and opening up. China's door will not be closed; it will only open even wider. President Xi Jinping announced in his keynote speech at the opening ceremony of the Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation that China would adopt a number of major reform and opening-up measures, strengthen institutional and structural arrangements, and promote opening up at a higher level. Measures to be taken include expanding market access for foreign investment in broader areas, strengthening international cooperation on intellectual property protection, increasing imports of goods and services, implementing more effective international coordination on macro-economic policies, and putting more focus on the implementation of opening-up policies. A more open China will have more positive interactions with the world, which in turn will advance the development and prosperity of both China and the world.

結(jié)束語(yǔ)

Conclusion

合作是中美兩國(guó)唯一正確選擇，共贏才能通向更好的未來(lái)。在中美經(jīng)貿(mào)磋商總的方向上，中國(guó)不是向后看，而是向前看。雙方在經(jīng)貿(mào)領(lǐng)域的分歧和摩擦，最終需要通過(guò)對(duì)話和磋商來(lái)解決。中美達(dá)成一個(gè)互利雙贏的協(xié)議，符合中美兩國(guó)利益，順應(yīng)世界各國(guó)期待。希望美國(guó)同中國(guó)相向而行，本著相互尊重、平等互利的精神，管控經(jīng)貿(mào)分歧，加強(qiáng)經(jīng)貿(mào)合作，共同推進(jìn)以協(xié)調(diào)、合作、穩(wěn)定為基調(diào)的中美關(guān)系，增進(jìn)兩國(guó)和世界人民福祉。

Cooperation is the only correct choice for China and the US and win-win is the only path to a better future. As to where the China-US economic and trade consultations are heading, China is looking forward, not backward. Disputes and conflicts on the trade and economic front, at the end of the day, need to be solved through dialogue and consultation. Striking a mutually beneficial and win-win agreement serves the interests of China and the US and meets the expectations of the world. It is hoped that the US can pull in the same direction with China and, in a spirit of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit, manage economic and trade differences, strengthen trade and economic cooperation, and jointly advance China-US relations based on coordination, cooperation and stability for the well-being of both nations and the world.

（注：本文省略了原文中的專欄）

(Note: Boxes omitted)

(Source: Xinhua)