平等 發(fā)展 共享：新中國70年婦女事業(yè)的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步

（2019年9月）

中華人民共和國

國務(wù)院新聞辦公室

Equality, Development and Sharing: Progress of Women's Cause in 70 Years Since New China's Founding  

The State Council Information Office of 

the People's Republic of China 

September 2019

目錄

Contents

前言

Preface

一、中國高度重視并積極推進(jìn)婦女事業(yè)發(fā)展

I. Women's Cause Remains High Priority and Is Actively Promoted in China

二、保障婦女權(quán)益的法治體系不斷完善

II. The Legal System for Protection of Women Rights Constantly Improved

三、婦女在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展中的半邊天作用日益彰顯

III．Women's Role in Economic and Social Development Becoming Increasingly Prominent

四、婦女政治地位顯著提高

IV. Women's Political Status Has Grown Significantly

五、婦女受教育水平顯著提升

V. Women's Education Level Has Risen Significantly

六、婦女健康狀況極大改善

VI. Women's Health Condition Has Improved Dramatically

七、婦女社會保障水平不斷提高

VII. Social Security for Women Continues to Improve

八、婦女在家庭文明建設(shè)中發(fā)揮獨(dú)特作用

VIII. Women Play Unique Role in Cultivation of Family Virtues

九、婦女參與國際交流與合作日益廣泛

IX. Women Taking Part in Extensive International Exchanges and Cooperation Activities

結(jié)束語

Conclusion

前言

Preface

縱觀歷史，沒有婦女解放和進(jìn)步，就沒有人類解放和進(jìn)步。中國共產(chǎn)黨從誕生之日起就把實現(xiàn)婦女解放、促進(jìn)男女平等寫在奮斗的旗幟上。1949年中華人民共和國成立，中國婦女結(jié)束了千百年來受壓迫、受奴役的歷史，當(dāng)家做了主人。

In the entire course of history, the liberation and progress of women have been indispensable to the liberation and progress of mankind. Since its inception, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has been struggling for women's liberation and gender equality. The founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 ushered in a new era for women in China, changing their social status from an oppressed and enslaved group in the past thousands of years to masters of their own fate.

70年來，中國婦女事業(yè)始終與黨和國家事業(yè)發(fā)展緊密相連。在中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，一代又一代婦女為中國的建設(shè)、改革與發(fā)展開拓進(jìn)取、貢獻(xiàn)力量。在中華民族從站起來、富起來到強(qiáng)起來的偉大飛躍中，中國婦女地位發(fā)生了翻天覆地的巨大變化。

In recent 70 years, women's cause in China has been closely connected to the general growth of the CPC and the whole nation. Under the leadership of the CPC, the past few generations of women have contributed greatly to social construction, reform, and development. As the Chinese nation is rising and growing richer and stronger, Chinese women's social status has undergone enormous changes.

黨的十八大以來，在習(xí)近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想指引下，億萬婦女更加堅定不移地走中國特色社會主義婦女發(fā)展道路，平等依法行使民主權(quán)利、平等參與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展、平等享有改革發(fā)展成果，主人翁地位更加彰顯，半邊天力量充分釋放，獲得感、幸福感、安全感與日俱增。中國婦女事業(yè)取得舉世矚目的歷史性成就。

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, there has been a firmer belief in the future of women development based on Chinese socialism among Chinese women. In this background, women are able to exercise their democratic rights, participate in economic and social development, and benefit from the outcomes of reforms and development on an equal and legal basis. As masters of the nation, women now can find the best ways to fulfill themselves while gaining increasing senses of achievement, happiness, and safety, as witnessed by the historic accomplishments they've made so far.

為進(jìn)一步增進(jìn)國際社會對新中國70年婦女事業(yè)發(fā)展成就的全面了解，特發(fā)表本白皮書。

This white paper is issued specifically to make the achievements of women's cause in the past 70 years since New China was founded fully known to the whole world.

一、中國高度重視并積極推進(jìn)婦女事業(yè)發(fā)展

I. Women's Cause Remains High Priority and Is Actively Promoted in China

促進(jìn)婦女全面發(fā)展和男女平等是中國特色社會主義的重要組成部分。中國始終高度重視促進(jìn)男女平等和婦女事業(yè)發(fā)展，加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)黨對婦女工作的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，建立完善人大立法保障婦女權(quán)益、政協(xié)協(xié)商推動婦女事業(yè)發(fā)展的工作機(jī)制，建立健全政府貫徹落實男女平等基本國策的工作機(jī)制，強(qiáng)化婦聯(lián)組織作為黨和政府聯(lián)系婦女群眾橋梁紐帶的工作機(jī)制，為婦女事業(yè)發(fā)展提供了強(qiáng)有力的政治保障和制度機(jī)制保障。

Boosting the comprehensive development of women and achieving gender equality have been perceived as important components of the socialism system with Chinese characteristics. China has always attached great importance to such development and equality. Among the concrete measures taken so far to accomplish these goals are reinforced CPC guide over women's work, creation and improvement of women right protection legislations by the National People's Congress, establishment of practical mechanisms in favor of women's cause by the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), setup and improvement of government working systems for implementation of national gender equality policies, and enhancement of the role of the Women's Federation as a bridge between the CPC, the government and the mass of women. Together these measures provide solid political and systematic assurance for the development of women's cause.

中國共產(chǎn)黨始終堅持和加強(qiáng)對婦女工作的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。70年來，中國共產(chǎn)黨始終堅持男女平等的政治主張，將實現(xiàn)婦女解放和男女平等作為奮斗目標(biāo)，將婦女事業(yè)作為黨的事業(yè)的重要組成部分。召開第一至第十二次全國婦女代表大會，根據(jù)黨和國家工作大局，確定婦女運(yùn)動和婦女工作的方針原則和主要任務(wù)，統(tǒng)籌部署和推進(jìn)婦女工作。進(jìn)入新時代，黨對婦女工作的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)?！皥猿帜信降然緡?，保障婦女兒童合法權(quán)益”寫入黨的十八大、十九大報告，成為黨治國理政的重要理念和內(nèi)容。2015年，召開歷史上第一次中央黨的群團(tuán)工作會議，為推進(jìn)婦聯(lián)組織改革，增強(qiáng)婦聯(lián)組織和婦聯(lián)工作的政治性先進(jìn)性群眾性，做好新時代婦女工作指明了方向。中國共產(chǎn)黨始終把婦女事業(yè)放在中國改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的重要位置，在出臺法律、制定政策、編制規(guī)劃、部署工作時充分考慮兩性的現(xiàn)實差異和婦女的特殊利益；推動完善保障婦女合法權(quán)益的法律體系，為促進(jìn)男女平等和婦女全面發(fā)展構(gòu)筑堅固的法律屏障；把促進(jìn)婦女發(fā)展納入國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展總體規(guī)劃，加強(qiáng)頂層設(shè)計和長遠(yuǎn)規(guī)劃；把新時代經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展同促進(jìn)婦女全面發(fā)展緊密融合，使婦女事業(yè)更具時代性。

The CPC has made earnest and persistent efforts in leading and improving the work concerning women in the past 70 years. With women's cause as an important part of its undertaking, the CPC has been striving towards women's liberation and gender equality. In the twelve sessions of the National Women's Congress concluded thus far, guidelines for women movement and work as well as main pertinent tasks were worked out in line with general CPC and government policies for nationwide implementation of relevant plans. With the coming of the new era, the CPC is now leading women's work more devotedly. "Adhering to the fundamental national policy of gender equality, and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of women and minors" were enshrined in the reports of the 18th and 19th CPC National Congress, and accepted as key concepts and parts of the CPC's governance and administration plans. The first conference on improving mass organizations organized by the CPC Central Committee in 2015 determined a direction for the work concerning women in the new era by showing how to promote reforms of the Women's Federation and how to make the organization and work of Women's Federation more politically responsive, up to date, and geared to the demands of the masses. For the CPC, women's cause always plays a significant role in Chinese reform, opening-up, and modernization. Full consideration has been given to actual gender  differences and special interests of women in legislation, policy-making, planning, and policy implementation. There are also ongoing efforts in improving a legal system for protecting women's rights and building a firm legal foundation for gender equality and comprehensive development of women. Women development has been incorporated into general national economic and social development plans to facilitate high-level and long-term planning. Such incorporation makes the Chinese women's cause more reflective of modern trends.

建立完善人大立法保障婦女權(quán)益的工作機(jī)制。全國人民代表大會制度是堅持黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、人民當(dāng)家作主、依法治國有機(jī)統(tǒng)一的根本政治制度安排。全國人大及其常委會在認(rèn)真履行立法、監(jiān)督等職責(zé)過程中，高度重視保障婦女權(quán)益、促進(jìn)婦女發(fā)展。先后設(shè)立婦女兒童專門小組、內(nèi)務(wù)司法委員會工青婦室、社會建設(shè)委員會工青婦室，積極宣傳貫徹男女平等的憲法原則，在立法審議和法律監(jiān)督中重視采納婦聯(lián)組織和婦女群眾的意見，就婦女權(quán)益保障法及相關(guān)法律開展執(zhí)法檢查，聽取情況報告，組織專題調(diào)研，切實依法保障婦女合法權(quán)益。

Enactment and revision of laws by the National People's Congress (NPC) for the protection of women's rights: The NPC is established as a fundamental political system that combines the leadership of the CPC, the running of the country by the people, and rule of law. When faithfully performing their legislation and supervision duties, the NPC and its Standing Committee put great stress on protection of women's rights and promotion of women development. A number of relevant organizations have been set up for these purposes successively, including Women & Children Working Group, Office of Communist Youth League, Trade Union, and Women's Federation under Internal and Judicial Affairs Committee, and Office of Communist Youth League, Trade Union, and Women's Federation under Social Development Affairs Committee. These organizations are established to vigorously promote and implement the gender equality principle stipulated in the Constitution, follow and collect opinions of the Women's Federation and women during legislative review and legal supervision, inspect the enforcement of laws protecting women's rights and other pertinent laws, hear related reports, organize thematic investigations, and take practical measures to protect legal rights of women.

建立完善政協(xié)協(xié)商推動婦女事業(yè)發(fā)展的工作機(jī)制。中國人民政治協(xié)商會議是中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商的重要機(jī)構(gòu)。政協(xié)全國委員會先后設(shè)有婦女組、婦女青年委員會、婦青和法制委員會、社會和法制委員會等工作機(jī)構(gòu)，對涉及婦女發(fā)展的重點難點問題提出建議，辦理涉及婦女權(quán)益的提案。婦聯(lián)界別作為政協(xié)全國委員會目前設(shè)置的34個界別之一，組織協(xié)商座談，開展專題調(diào)研，提交提案建議，在政治協(xié)商、民主監(jiān)督、參政議政中持續(xù)推進(jìn)婦女發(fā)展和男女平等。

Creation and improvement of a working mechanism by the CPPCC for promoting women's cause: The CPPCC plays an important role in the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultations led by the CPC. The National Committee of CPPCC has successively established a number of women work organizations, including Women Working Group, Women and Youth Committee, Women, Youth, and Legal Affairs Committee, and Social and Legal Affairs Committee. These organizations make recommendations on key and difficult issues related to women development, and handle proposals regarding women's rights. Women's Federation is one of the 34 circles defined by the National Committee of the CPPCC. In China, a great number of women participate in political consultation, democratic supervision, and participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs through consultation workshops, thematic investigations, and proposal submissions, thus promoting women development and gender equality on a continuous basis.

建立健全政府貫徹落實男女平等基本國策的工作機(jī)制。1990年成立國務(wù)院婦女兒童工作協(xié)調(diào)委員會，1993年更名為國務(wù)院婦女兒童工作委員會，成員單位由成立之初的19個增加到目前的35個。國務(wù)院婦女兒童工作委員會依據(jù)法定職能開展工作，負(fù)責(zé)組織、協(xié)調(diào)、指導(dǎo)和督促有關(guān)部門做好保障婦女權(quán)益、促進(jìn)男女平等和婦女發(fā)展的相關(guān)工作。委員會下設(shè)辦公室，配有專職工作人員和專項工作經(jīng)費(fèi)。全國縣級以上政府和新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)均成立了相應(yīng)工作機(jī)構(gòu)，形成了縱向貫通、橫向聯(lián)動、協(xié)同配合的組織工作體系。國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展總體規(guī)劃、部門專項規(guī)劃將促進(jìn)婦女發(fā)展作為重要方面。《中華人民共和國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展第十二個五年規(guī)劃綱要》《中華人民共和國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展第十三個五年規(guī)劃綱要》設(shè)立專門章節(jié)，對促進(jìn)婦女全面發(fā)展作出規(guī)劃部署。國家人權(quán)行動計劃、中國反對拐賣人口行動計劃等明確提出保障婦女權(quán)益的目標(biāo)任務(wù)。1995年以來，中國連續(xù)頒布三個周期的中國婦女發(fā)展綱要，提出不同時期婦女事業(yè)發(fā)展的目標(biāo)任務(wù)；2019年，啟動了新一周期的綱要編制工作。建立完善性別統(tǒng)計制度，發(fā)布中國婦女發(fā)展綱要統(tǒng)計監(jiān)測報告，定期開展中國婦女社會地位調(diào)查，出版《中國社會中的女人和男人：事實和數(shù)據(jù)》《中國婦女兒童狀況統(tǒng)計資料》等。

The creation and improvement of a working mechanism by the government for implementing the fundamental national policy of gender equality: In 1990, National Coordination Committee on Children and Women under State Council was established, which was renamed in 1993 to National Working Committee on Children and Women under State Council. The number of members of this committee has grown from 19 at its establishment to 35. This committee performs its legal duties by organizing, coordinating, instructing, and urging relevant departments in their work of women right protection, gender equality, and women development. The committee has its own offices, full-time staff, and funds. Local governmental units with similar functions have also been set up in all counties and higher-level administrative divisions and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, thereby forming a tiered working system of interrelation and cooperation links. Moreover, women's development has been listed as a key target in both general national economic and social development plans and department-specific plans. The Outline of the Twelfth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Outline of the Thirteenth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China contain sections that deal specifically with women development plans and their implementation. There are also clearly defined objectives for the protection of women's rights in National Human Rights Action Plan of China and China's Action Plan against Human Abduction and Trafficking. Since 1995, the Chinese government has successively released three issues of Outline Program for Development of Chinese Women, each clarifying missions and targets for women's cause in a specific period. The drafting of the outline for the coming period starts in 2019. Other measures of great significance include the creation of a complete gender statistics system, publication of statistics-based monitoring reports for Outline Program for Development of Chinese Women, regular investigations of the social status of Chinese women, and the publication of relevant books such as Men and Women in China: Facts and Figures, Statistics about Conditions of Chinese Women and Children, etc.

建立健全婦聯(lián)組織作為黨和政府聯(lián)系婦女群眾橋梁紐帶的工作機(jī)制。全國婦聯(lián)是各族各界婦女為爭取進(jìn)一步解放與發(fā)展而聯(lián)合起來的群團(tuán)組織，是中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的人民團(tuán)體，目前已形成由全國、省（區(qū)、市）、市（地、州）、縣（市、區(qū)）、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）、村（社區(qū)）六級婦聯(lián)組織，機(jī)關(guān)事業(yè)單位、社會組織的婦女委員會或婦女工作委員會，以及團(tuán)體會員構(gòu)成的組織體系，同時，新領(lǐng)域新業(yè)態(tài)新階層新群體中的婦聯(lián)組織覆蓋不斷拓展。在黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，婦聯(lián)組織依照章程，切實擔(dān)負(fù)團(tuán)結(jié)引導(dǎo)各族各界婦女聽黨話、跟黨走的政治責(zé)任，切實履行代表和維護(hù)婦女權(quán)益、促進(jìn)男女平等和婦女全面發(fā)展的基本職能。圍繞黨和國家工作大局，廣泛深入宣傳黨的理論路線方針政策，團(tuán)結(jié)引導(dǎo)廣大婦女堅定不移走中國特色社會主義婦女發(fā)展道路，充分發(fā)揮在社會生活和家庭生活中的獨(dú)特作用，為中國特色社會主義事業(yè)建功立業(yè)。全國婦聯(lián)作為成員單位參與中央農(nóng)村工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組、中央精神文明建設(shè)指導(dǎo)委員會、中央全面依法治國委員會守法普法協(xié)調(diào)小組、國務(wù)院扶貧開發(fā)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組和國務(wù)院就業(yè)工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組等的工作，反映婦女利益訴求，代表婦女參與國家和社會事務(wù)的民主決策、民主管理和民主監(jiān)督。全國婦聯(lián)牽頭成立“雙學(xué)雙比”和“巾幗建功”活動領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組、“五好文明家庭”創(chuàng)建活動協(xié)調(diào)小組、維護(hù)婦女兒童權(quán)益暨平安家庭創(chuàng)建協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制等，通過跨部門合作共同推動婦女事業(yè)發(fā)展。黨的十八大以來，婦聯(lián)組織通過改革創(chuàng)新，進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)政治性先進(jìn)性群眾性，充分發(fā)揮黨開展婦女工作最可靠、最有力的助手作用，堅持用中國特色社會主義共同理想凝聚婦女，建立直接聯(lián)系服務(wù)婦女群眾長效機(jī)制，有效開展引領(lǐng)、服務(wù)、聯(lián)系婦女群眾工作。團(tuán)結(jié)引領(lǐng)其他婦女組織，共同服務(wù)婦女群眾，推動男女平等和婦女事業(yè)發(fā)展。

The creation and improvement of a working mechanism for women's federations to serve as a bridge between the CPC and the government and general women groups: All-China Women's Federation is an organization jointly established by women from different ethnic groups and circles with the purpose of seeking further liberation and development of women. As a mass organization led by the CPC, the federation has formed a network of six levels, i.e. the nation, province (autonomous region, municipality), city (prefecture, autonomous prefecture), county (county-level city, district), township (residential district), and village (community), covering various women associations, institutions, social committees of women or women work committees, and group members. In the meanwhile, women's federations continue to expand to new sectors, trades, classes, and groups. Following the instructions of the CPC and relevant laws and regulations, these organizations carry out their political responsibilities and basic functions diligently, including promoting solidarity, implementing CPC policies, representing and maintaining of women's rights, and realizing of gender equality and the comprehensive development of women. By sticking to the general directions of the CPC and the government in different stages, they disseminate theoretical roadmaps and policies of the CPC, and guide women to hold on to socialism-based women development paths with Chinese characteristics. The role they play is also unique in social and family life, and instrumental to the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. All-China Women's Federation is a member of Central Rural Work Leading Team, the Central Commission for Guiding Cultural and Ethical Progress, Law Observance and Education Coordination Team under Central Committee for Comprehensive Law-based Governance, the State Council Leading Group of Poverty Alleviation and Development, and Employment Work Leading Team under the State Council. In these organizations, it represents the interests of women, and takes part in democratic decision-making, management, and supervision of national and social affairs on behalf of women. All-China Women's Federation took the initiative in setting up leading teams for programs like "Learning Culture and Technologies, Competing with Achievements and Contributions" and "Accomplishments of Females", along with coordination teams for "Five-virtue Civil Families" and other activities. These teams help maintain legal rights of women and children while building a coordination mechanism for safe family systems. Through cooperation with different departments, they jointly promote the development of women's cause. Starting from the 18th CPC National Congress, women's federations have been engaged in reforms and innovations. These endeavors make them more active in the political arena and bring them closer to the masses. They are now among the most dependable and helpful assistants to the CPC in its women's work. The women's federations are strengthening cohesive affinity among women with the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics. By creating a direct and long-term women communication and service mechanism, they are able to guide, serve, and contact women masses. They also lead other women organizations in serving women, achieving gender equality, and promoting women cause.

二、保障婦女權(quán)益的法治體系不斷完善

II. The Legal System for Protection of Women Rights Constantly Improved

婦女權(quán)益是基本人權(quán)。中國把保障婦女權(quán)益納入法律法規(guī)，上升為國家意志，內(nèi)化為社會行為規(guī)范。新中國成立伊始，中國共產(chǎn)黨組織制定實施一系列法律法規(guī)提高婦女地位。改革開放40多年來，中國不斷強(qiáng)化男女平等的法治保障，將保障婦女權(quán)益貫穿于科學(xué)立法、嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法、公正司法、全民守法各環(huán)節(jié)，在建設(shè)社會主義法治國家、法治政府、法治社會進(jìn)程中，推動婦女權(quán)益保障水平不斷邁上新臺階。

Women's rights belong to the realm of basic human rights. In China, the protection of women's rights has been included in laws and regulations, manifesting itself as a state will and a norm of intrinsic social behaviors. Since the founding of the New China, a long list of laws and regulations have been drafted and enacted with the initiative of the CPC to improve the status of women. Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China has constantly cemented the legal assurance for gender equality. The protection of women's rights is secured through scientific legislation, strict law enforcement, fair administration of justice and law-abiding public. In the course of building a socialist country, government and society ruled by laws, assurance of women rights is continuously strengthened.

保障婦女權(quán)益的法律體系不斷完善?！吨腥A人民共和國憲法》作為國家根本大法，始終堅持男女平等原則。1954年第一部憲法規(guī)定了婦女在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社會和家庭生活各方面享有同男子平等的權(quán)利，并在歷次修改中一以貫之。2004年，“國家尊重和保障人權(quán)”寫入憲法修正案，奠定了婦女人權(quán)保障基石。1950年，新中國第一部法律——《中華人民共和國婚姻法》確立了婚姻自由、一夫一妻、男女權(quán)利平等的婚姻制度。改革開放40多年來，伴隨中國特色社會主義民主法治進(jìn)程，中國制定和修訂《中華人民共和國全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會選舉法》《中華人民共和國刑法》《中華人民共和國婚姻法》《中華人民共和國母嬰保健法》《中華人民共和國勞動法》《中華人民共和國就業(yè)促進(jìn)法》《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》《中華人民共和國農(nóng)村土地承包法》《中華人民共和國村民委員會組織法》等法律法規(guī)，都鮮明體現(xiàn)了男女平等原則。1992年制定實施的《中華人民共和國婦女權(quán)益保障法》，是中國第一部促進(jìn)男女平等、保障婦女權(quán)益的基本法，具體規(guī)定了婦女的政治權(quán)利、文化教育權(quán)益、勞動權(quán)益、財產(chǎn)權(quán)益、人身權(quán)利和婚姻家庭權(quán)益。2005年修訂婦女權(quán)益保障法，確立了男女平等基本國策的法律地位，并將“勞動權(quán)益”修訂為“勞動和社會保障權(quán)益”。黨的十八大以來，保障婦女權(quán)益立法取得新突破。2015年出臺《中華人民共和國反家庭暴力法》，設(shè)立家庭暴力告誡、強(qiáng)制報告、人身安全保護(hù)令和緊急庇護(hù)四項制度；同年，刑法修正案（九）廢除嫖宿幼女罪，加大保護(hù)幼女人身權(quán)利。70年來，中國逐步形成并完善了以憲法為基礎(chǔ)，以婦女權(quán)益保障法為主體，包括100多部單行法律法規(guī)在內(nèi)的保障婦女權(quán)益的法律體系。

The legal system for women rights protection has been subject to constant improvement. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China, as the fundamental law of the country, has maintained the principle of gender equality. It was stipulated in the first version of the Constitution issued in 1954 that "women in the People's Republic of China enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life, political, economic, cultural and social, and family life," and this principle remains unchanged in all subsequent revisions to the Constitution. In 2004, "the state values and safeguards human rights" was included in the constitutional amendment, thus providing a foundation of human rights protection for women. In 1950, the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, the first law enacted in New China, legalized a marriage system characterized by free marriage, monogamy, and equal rights between men and women. In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, as the democratic and legal governance of socialism with Chinese characteristics proceeded, a series of laws and regulations mandating gender equality have been drafted and revised, including Election Law of the People's Republic of China for the National People's Congress and Local People's Congresses at All Levels, Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, Law of the People's Republic of China on Maternal and Infant Health Care, Labor Law of the People's Republic of China, Employment Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China, Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, Law of the People's Republic of China on Rural Land Contracting, and Villagers Committee Organization Law of the People's Republic of China. Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women that came into force in 1992 was the first fundamental law in China designed specifically for realizing gender equality and protecting rights and interests of women. It sets forth in details the legal rights and interests of women in politics, culture, education, property, personal affairs, marriage and family. An amendment to Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women in 2005 officially established the legal status of gender equality as a fundamental national policy, and revised "labor rights and interests" to "labor and social security rights and interests". New breakthroughs have been made in the legislation for the protection of women's rights since the 18th CPC National Congress. Anti-domestic Violence Law of the People's Republic of China enacted in 2015 created four new systems – domestic violence warning, compulsory reporting, personal safety protection order, and emergent protection. In the same year, in the Criminal Law Amendment (IX), the act of "whoring with immature girls" was included in the scope of rape and not regarded as a separate and less serious offense any more, thus providing further protection for personal rights of young girls. The past 70 years have witnessed a constantly improved legal system for the protection of women rights and interests in China. Built on the Constitution and with the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women at the core, this system now covers over 100 separate laws and regulations.

保障婦女權(quán)益的法律實踐深入推進(jìn)。建立保障婦女權(quán)益的跨部門合作機(jī)制，嚴(yán)厲查處打擊強(qiáng)奸、拐賣、家庭暴力等侵害婦女權(quán)益的各種違法犯罪行為。自1997年起，全國人大常委會多次開展專題執(zhí)法檢查，推動婦女權(quán)益保障法的有效落實。各地法院普遍設(shè)立婦女維權(quán)法庭（合議庭），在審理涉及婦女權(quán)益的案件中貫徹男女平等原則，依法保護(hù)婦女合法權(quán)益，努力讓婦女群眾在司法案件中感受到公平正義。黨的十八大以來，全面依法治國各領(lǐng)域廣泛踐行性別平等和性別公正理念。推行家事審判方式和機(jī)制改革，確立人性化審判理念，強(qiáng)化婦女權(quán)益的司法保障。在推進(jìn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全立法、加強(qiáng)備案審查、行政執(zhí)法、刑事執(zhí)行、公共法律服務(wù)等方面，不斷擴(kuò)大婦女權(quán)益的保障范圍。逐步完善法律援助和司法救助制度，2018年獲得法律援助的婦女達(dá)36.1萬人次。

Legal practices for the protection of women's rights and interests have been significantly promoted. With a mechanism for cooperation between different women's rights protection agencies in place, various crimes and offenses against women, including rape, abduction, trafficking and domestic violence, are investigated and punished severely. Starting in 1997, the Standing Committee of the NPC has instituted a number of specific law enforcement inspections in order to facilitate effective implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women. Tribunals for safeguarding women's rights (collegiate panels) are generally set up in local courts in order to adhere to the gender equality principle when handling cases involving women rights, protect the legal rights of women and ensure proper administration of justice. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the concepts of gender equality and fairness have been comprehensively practiced in all domains of national governance. Family trial rules and mechanisms have been reformed to fully respect humanity and provide further judicial assurance for women rights. The scope of assurance of women rights is continuously expanding in terms of cyber security legislation, reinforced registration inspection, administrative law enforcement, criminal execution, and public law service. In addition, legal aid and judicial aid systems are being gradually improved. In 2018, a total of 361,000 women obtained legal aid.

保障婦女權(quán)益的法治宣傳深入普及。將保障婦女權(quán)益的法律知識、法治精神、法治文化納入全民普法規(guī)劃。從1986年開始實施的“一五”普法規(guī)劃到2016年實施的“七五”普法，始終把提升婦女法治意識和法治素養(yǎng)，提升婦女參與法治實踐能力作為重要任務(wù)，堅持婦女普法宣傳與弘揚(yáng)社會主義核心價值觀相結(jié)合，堅持普法宣傳與依法維護(hù)婦女權(quán)益相結(jié)合，堅持經(jīng)常性普法與每年“三八”國際婦女節(jié)等重點普法相結(jié)合，堅持運(yùn)用傳統(tǒng)媒體普法與新興媒體普法相結(jié)合，堅持普法宣傳與激發(fā)婦女主體活力相結(jié)合。深入開展法治宣傳進(jìn)機(jī)關(guān)、進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村、進(jìn)社區(qū)、進(jìn)學(xué)校、進(jìn)企業(yè)、進(jìn)單位主題活動，推動以男女平等為核心的法治文化入腦入心、見行見效。加強(qiáng)面向各級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的法治宣傳，推動黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部在決策管理和公共服務(wù)中堅持男女平等原則，在法律政策制定和實施中體現(xiàn)婦女利益需求。加強(qiáng)面向法律工作者的法治宣傳，促進(jìn)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法、公正司法，推進(jìn)法律法規(guī)實施中的男女平等。加強(qiáng)面向婦女群眾的法治宣傳，將法律知識和法律服務(wù)送到婦女群眾身邊，引導(dǎo)婦女尊法學(xué)法守法用法。加強(qiáng)面向家庭的法治宣傳，引導(dǎo)家庭成員崇德守法，樹立男女平等、尊老愛幼的文明風(fēng)尚。

The awareness of women rights protection by means of legal governance is increasing. Knowledge of law, and the spirit and culture of legal governance related to women rights protection have been included in public legal education plans. From the "first five-year" public legal education plan initiated in 1986 to the "seventh five-year" public legal education plan launched in 2016, boosting the legal governance awareness and knowledge among women and enhancing their abilities to engage in legal governance practice have remained as key tasks. The tasks of public legal education among women have also been combined with the efforts in promoting core socialist values and maintaining women rights. The current activities of public legal education are a mix of regular education programs and specific ones like those carried out annually on the International Women's Day on March 8. These activities make use of both traditional media and new media, and are designed in such a way to stimulate women's enthusiasm. With a great number of themed education events at institutions, villages, communities, schools, enterprises, and departments, the legal governance ideas built around gender equality have proven quite persuasive and effective. There are also legal governance publicity programs for leaders and cadres on different levels, all intended to cultivate an atmosphere that gives due respect to gender equality in their decision-making and public service and enables full consideration of women's rights and needs in the course of law and policy formulation and implementation. The enhancement of publicity of legal governance among legal enforcement personnel is conducive to strict law enforcement, fair administration of justice, and assurance of gender equality in implementation of laws and regulations. Publicity of legal governance among women brings them more legal knowledge and services, naturally guiding them to learn, use, and abide by laws. Publicity of legal governance for families helps family members accept and cherish legal provisions concerning gender equality as well as great morals of respecting the aged and taking good care of children.

法規(guī)政策性別平等評估機(jī)制創(chuàng)新建立。依據(jù)《中華人民共和國立法法》備案審查制度和程序規(guī)定，創(chuàng)建源頭保障婦女權(quán)益、促進(jìn)男女平等發(fā)展新機(jī)制。2012－2018年，全國30個?。▍^(qū)、市）建立了法規(guī)政策性別平等評估機(jī)制，將男女平等價值理念引入法規(guī)政策的制定、實施和監(jiān)督各環(huán)節(jié)，加強(qiáng)政策法規(guī)制定前研判、決策中貫徹、實施后評估的制度化建設(shè)，進(jìn)一步體現(xiàn)了新時代婦女群眾的意志和期盼，進(jìn)一步豐富了新時代科學(xué)立法和民主立法的生動實踐。

The establishment of a new mechanism for evaluating gender equality implications in laws and regulations: According to Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China, a new mechanism for protecting women rights and achieving gender equality should be created. From 2012 to 2018, an evaluation system was set up in 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) for evaluation of gender equality implications in laws and regulations. The concept of gender equality has been introduced into drafting, implementation and supervision of laws and policies. As a result, a complete system has been formed, covering preliminary study before establishment, decision implementation, and post-implementation evaluation. This system better represents the will and expectation of women in the new era, and also leads to broader practices of scientific legislation and democratic legislation.

婦女和婦女組織在法治建設(shè)中的作用日益彰顯。參與立法決策的女性比例不斷提高，在國家民主法治建設(shè)中的影響力顯著增強(qiáng)。婦女參加政府機(jī)構(gòu)決策管理的人數(shù)不斷增加，目前中央機(jī)關(guān)及其直屬機(jī)構(gòu)新錄用公務(wù)員中的女性比例超過一半，地方新錄用公務(wù)員女性占比四成以上，成為法治中國建設(shè)的重要力量。特別是司法機(jī)關(guān)女性比例顯著提升，2017年，女檢察官占檢察官總數(shù)的32.6%，比改革開放初期的1982年提高23.6個百分點；女法官占法官總數(shù)的32.7%，比1982年提高21.7個百分點。婦聯(lián)組織認(rèn)真履行法定職責(zé)，通過參與人大常委會和專委會、向人大會議和政協(xié)會議提交議案建議提案等方式，代表婦女群眾參與法律政策的制定，監(jiān)督法律政策的實施。近5年，婦聯(lián)組織推動并參與反家庭暴力法、“全面兩孩”配套措施等法律政策的制定修訂，對80余件國家法律政策及3000多件地方法規(guī)政策建言獻(xiàn)策。探索建立促進(jìn)女性公平就業(yè)約談機(jī)制，預(yù)防和糾正就業(yè)中的性別歧視。定期發(fā)布維護(hù)婦女合法權(quán)益優(yōu)秀案例，引導(dǎo)全社會形成尊重關(guān)愛婦女的良好氛圍。以“建設(shè)法治中國·巾幗在行動”為主題開展普法宣傳，為婦女群眾提供法律咨詢和服務(wù)。婦女群眾的法治意識日益增強(qiáng)，在民法總則等法律法規(guī)公開征求意見中，積極表達(dá)利益訴求、提出意見建議，為法治中國建設(shè)獻(xiàn)計獻(xiàn)策。

Women and women's organizations are playing an increasingly prominent role in the developing of legal governance, as witnessed by the ever growing proportion of females participating in legislation decision procedures and the greater impact of women on building legal governance. The number of females engaged in decision-making in government institutions is also climbing. Currently, of the new civil servants recruited by central government organs and their direct affiliates, women account for more than a half, and this proportion is higher than 40% in local government organs. Women have become a very important force in the construction of China's legal governance. In particular, women working in judicial bodies have increased dramatically, constituting 32.6% of total court prosecutors in 2017, up 23.6 percentage points over 1982 shortly after China's reform and opening up drive was launched. Of all judges in 2017, 32.7% were female, 21.7 percentage points higher than the level in 1982. Women's federations perform their legal duties strictly. They participate in and supervise drafting and implementing laws and policies on behalf of the women by attending the Standing Committee and special committees of the National People's Congress, and by submitting motions, proposals and suggestions to the respective sessions of the NPC and the CPPCC. In the past five years, women's federations have been active in materialization, enactment, and revision of relevant laws and policies including Anti-domestic Violence Law of the People's Republic of China and measures in support of the Second Child Policy. They raised recommendations on more than 80 national laws and policies as well as over 3000 local regulations and policies. There are also ongoing efforts made by these organizations in creation of a fair women employment interview mechanism and prevention and elimination of gender-based prejudice in employment. In addition, excellent cases of protection of women's legal rights are published regularly to help create a favorable atmosphere for the public to respect and care for women. A public legal education program titled "building a legal governance system in China – women are making their contributions" was launched to provide legal advices and services for women. The legal governance awareness among women has kept increasing. During solicitation of opinions on laws and regulations like General Provisions of Civil Law, there have been active responses from women. The ideas and suggestions they offered have contributed greatly to the construction of the legal governance system in China.

三、婦女在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展中的半邊天作用日益彰顯

III．Women's Role in Economic and Social Development Becoming Increasingly Prominent

婦女是國家的重要建設(shè)者。中國制定實施勞動法、就業(yè)促進(jìn)法、勞動合同法、農(nóng)村土地承包法等法律法規(guī)，充分保障婦女的經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)益特別是平等就業(yè)權(quán)利，實行男女同工同酬，消除就業(yè)性別歧視。黨的十八大以來，中國更加重視促進(jìn)男女平等就業(yè)，推動婦女實現(xiàn)更高質(zhì)量、更加充分就業(yè)，婦女參與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會建設(shè)的熱情更加高漲，半邊天作用更加凸顯。

Women are indispensable builders of the country. China has promulgated laws and regulations such as the labor law, the employment promotion law, the labor contract law and the law on contracting rural land to fully protect women's economic rights and interests, especially the right to equal employment, ensuring  equal pay to men and women for equal work and eliminating gender discrimination in employment. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has attached more importance to gender equality in employment, offering better and more job opportunities for women. They have become more committed to the socio-economic construction and their role – just like the old saying "women hold up half the sky" – is increasingly prominent.

婦女在脫貧攻堅中充分參與、廣泛受益。中國高度重視婦女扶貧脫貧。《中國農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)綱要（2011－2020年）》《中國婦女發(fā)展綱要（2011－2020年）》等都將緩解婦女貧困程度、減少貧困婦女?dāng)?shù)量作為優(yōu)先事項，保障貧困婦女的資源供給，幫助、支持貧困婦女實施扶貧項目。黨的十八大以來，中國在脫貧攻堅中更加重視婦女的參與和受益。2018年《中共中央　國務(wù)院關(guān)于打贏脫貧攻堅戰(zhàn)三年行動的指導(dǎo)意見》提出，將貧困地區(qū)婦女宮頸癌、乳腺癌（簡稱“兩癌”）檢查項目擴(kuò)大到所有貧困縣。實施“貧困母親‘兩癌’救助”“母親安居工程”“母親健康快車”等公益慈善項目，幫助患病貧困婦女、貧困單親母親等改善生存發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。開展全國家政服務(wù)勞務(wù)對接扶貧行動、“百城萬村”家政扶貧行動，幫助農(nóng)村建檔立卡貧困婦女實現(xiàn)就業(yè)。婦聯(lián)組織大力實施“巾幗脫貧行動”，圍繞立志脫貧、能力脫貧、創(chuàng)業(yè)脫貧、巧手脫貧、互助脫貧、健康脫貧、愛心助力脫貧七項重點任務(wù)，積極探索“連環(huán)扶貧”“小額信貸扶貧”“基地+貧困婦女”等扶貧模式，助推婦女精準(zhǔn)脫貧。按照現(xiàn)行農(nóng)村貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，截至2018年底，全國農(nóng)村貧困人口從2012年的9899萬減少到1660萬，貧困發(fā)生率從2012年的10.2%下降至1.7%，減少的貧困人口中約一半為女性。

Women have fully engaged in and been broadly benefited from the fight against poverty. China has paid high attention to poverty reduction and eradication among women. The outline of development-oriented poverty alleviation for China's rural areas and the outline of women's development in China, both planned for 2011-2020, have given priority to alleviating women's poverty level and reducing the poverty-stricken population, ensuring resource supply for women in poverty while assisting and supporting them in poverty-relief projects. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has highlighted women's participation in and benefits from poverty reduction and eradication. In 2018, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council co-issued guidelines on a three-year poverty-relief plan, under which a cervical cancer and breast cancer screening program covers women in all poverty-stricken counties. The government has implemented a number of public welfare and charity programs for impoverished mothers, such as the program of relief for mothers suffering from breast cancer and cervical cancer, the subsidized housing project for impoverished rural single mothers, and the mother health express program, bringing help to sick women, poor single mothers and various other groups of mothers in need. The government carries out a series of poverty alleviation measures, encouraging city households to employ women in the registered poverty-stricken families for housekeeping services. The women's federations also adopt a comprehensive action plan to assist impoverished women in starting businesses, developing skills, reducing healthcare costs and facilitating mutual aid. The federations endeavor to achieve targeted poverty relief through micro credit and development-oriented poverty reduction projects. By the current rural poverty standards in China, rural poverty population has decreased to 16.6 million by the end of 2018 from 98.99 million in 2012, while the poverty rate has fallen to 1.7% from 10.2% in 2012. Women accounted for 50% of those lifted out of poverty.

保障平等土地權(quán)益調(diào)動農(nóng)村婦女生產(chǎn)積極性。從土地改革、農(nóng)村家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包到農(nóng)村承包地確權(quán)登記頒證與農(nóng)村土地“三權(quán)分置”，中國始終重視從法律制度上保障婦女土地權(quán)益。2014年起，開展農(nóng)村承包地確權(quán)登記頒證，明確要求將農(nóng)村婦女土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)記載到權(quán)屬證書上，廣大農(nóng)村婦女實現(xiàn)了“證上有名、名下有權(quán)”。2018年修訂的農(nóng)村土地承包法明確規(guī)定，農(nóng)戶內(nèi)家庭成員依法平等享有承包土地的各項權(quán)益，確保農(nóng)村婦女平等享有土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)。2016年，中共中央、國務(wù)院印發(fā)《關(guān)于穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)農(nóng)村集體產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革的意見》，明確提出切實保護(hù)農(nóng)村婦女的合法權(quán)益。2018年，民政部、中央組織部、全國婦聯(lián)等七部門聯(lián)合發(fā)布《關(guān)于做好村規(guī)民約和居民公約工作的指導(dǎo)意見》，要求糾正與法律政策規(guī)定、性別平等原則相沖突的村規(guī)民約。農(nóng)村婦女的土地權(quán)益和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益得到有效保障，她們踴躍投入鄉(xiāng)村振興，積極為農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)做貢獻(xiàn)。

Rural women's enthusiasm to take part in production is boosted by guaranteeing their equal land rights. China has always guaranteed women's rights by laws and legislations, which has been demonstrated in such practices as land reform, the household responsibility system, the verification, registration and certification of land contract and management rights and the separation of rights to ownership, contract, and management. Since 2014, it has been clearly ruled that women's rights and interests in relation to land must be given expression to in the registration book and land right certificate. Now they have their names written in the certificates and obtained corresponding rights. In 2018, the revised law on contracting rural land stipulates that each household member has equal access to benefits from contracting land and women's rights to contracting and operating land should be guaranteed. In 2016, the Guidelines on Reforming the Rural Collective Property Rights System issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council clearly stated that rural women's legitimate rights should be effectively protected. In 2018, seven departments including the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, All-China Women's Federation jointly issued guidelines, urging rural communities to correct any village regulations and folk conventions that are in conflict with statutory regulations and the principle of gender equality. Rural women's land rights and economic interests have been effectively protected and they are working for rural revitalization and modernization. 

加強(qiáng)勞動保護(hù)激勵女職工崗位建功。中國高度重視從制度上保障女職工勞動保護(hù)各項權(quán)利。從1988年頒布《女職工勞動保護(hù)規(guī)定》到2012年《女職工勞動保護(hù)特別規(guī)定》出臺，女職工勞動保護(hù)程度不斷提高。越來越多的企業(yè)重視女職工勞動保護(hù)。2017年落實女職工勞動保護(hù)的企業(yè)占比71.2%，比2002年提高35.2個百分點。截至2017年9月，全國共簽訂女職工權(quán)益保護(hù)專項集體合同136.6萬份，覆蓋女職工近8000萬人；建立女職工休息哺乳室的基層企事業(yè)工會近30萬個，覆蓋女職工1849.4萬人。編發(fā)《促進(jìn)工作場所性別平等指導(dǎo)手冊》，推動用人單位貫徹落實法律法規(guī)，維護(hù)女職工合法權(quán)益和特殊利益。各項勞動保護(hù)工作深入推進(jìn)，為女職工參與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了條件。各行各業(yè)女職工以高度的主人翁責(zé)任感和歷史使命感，在國家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會進(jìn)步中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。

Women workers are motivated to perform better by enhancing labor protection. China attaches great importance to safeguarding female employees' rights through laws and regulations. From the Regulations Concerning the Labor Protection of Female Staff and Workers in 1988 to the Special Rules on the Labor Protection of Female Employees in 2012, protection for women workers have increasingly improved. A growing number of enterprises and companies have given due protection to their female staffers at work, with  71.2% of the enterprises providing labor protections for women workers in 2017, up 35.2 percentage points from 2002. By September 2017, a total of 1.366 million special collective contracts have been signed to protect female employees' rights, benefiting nearly 80 million women workers. Up to 300,000 trade unions in community-level enterprises and public institutions have set up staff-only resting and nursing lounges, serving 18.494 million women. China published the Manual of Guidance on Promoting Workplace Gender Equality to oblige employers nationwide to abide by relevant laws and regulations to ensure female workers' legitimate rights and special interests. Such protection measures and efforts have created conditions for women to partake in socio-economic development. Women workers in various sectors, with a high sense of responsibility and historical mission, are playing an increasingly bigger role in promoting China's economic and social development.

全社會就業(yè)人員中女性占比超過四成。新中國成立初期，廣大婦女積極投身恢復(fù)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和發(fā)展社會生產(chǎn)熱潮，成為新中國工業(yè)化建設(shè)的重要力量。改革開放40多年來，隨著國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會快速發(fā)展，婦女就業(yè)選擇更加多元，創(chuàng)業(yè)之路更加寬廣，就業(yè)和創(chuàng)業(yè)人數(shù)大幅增加。2017年，全國女性就業(yè)人數(shù)3.4億，比1978年翻了一番。中國政府實施鼓勵婦女就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)的小額擔(dān)保貸款財政貼息政策，2009－2018年全國累計發(fā)放3837.7億元，中央及地方落實財政貼息資金408.6億元，獲貸婦女656.9萬人次，婦女就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)得到大力支持。2017年全國婦聯(lián)舉辦中國婦女創(chuàng)業(yè)創(chuàng)新大賽，吸引56萬婦女參與，激發(fā)婦女的創(chuàng)業(yè)精神和創(chuàng)新活力。婦女成為大眾創(chuàng)業(yè)、萬眾創(chuàng)新的重要力量。

Women account for 40% of the labor force. In the early days after the PRC was founded, women actively engaged in activities of reviving the country's economy and boosting its social development, becoming key elements in the drive to industrialize New China. Thanks to the country's rapid economic and social development since China launched the reform and opening-up drive 40 years ago, women now have increasingly diversified employment options and ampler business opportunities as the number of women workers and entrepreneurs has risen by a big margin. In 2017, there were 340 million women in the labor force, doubling the figure in 1978. The Chinese government has provided small-sum guaranteed loan with financial discount to boost women employment and self-employment. A total of 383.77 billion yuan were allocated between 2009 and 2018, with the central and local governments appropriating 40.86 billion yuan of funds with discount interest rates, benefiting 6.569 million women in employment and self-employment. The 2017 Entrepreneurship and Innovation Competition sponsored by the All-China Women's Federation attracted 560,000 women.

婦女就業(yè)領(lǐng)域極大拓展。在社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)進(jìn)程中，婦女生產(chǎn)力不斷釋放，就業(yè)領(lǐng)域更加廣泛。2010年，婦女從事第二、第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的比例為46.8%，比改革開放初期的1982年提高24.8個百分點。黨的十八大以來，中國實行就業(yè)優(yōu)先戰(zhàn)略，積極推動男女平等就業(yè)。2019年，人力資源社會保障部等九部門印發(fā)《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步規(guī)范招聘行為促進(jìn)婦女就業(yè)的通知》，明確了不得實施的六種就業(yè)性別歧視行為，建立健全多部門聯(lián)合約談、市場監(jiān)管、司法救濟(jì)三條救濟(jì)渠道，為保障婦女平等享有就業(yè)權(quán)提供有力支持。2017年，公有經(jīng)濟(jì)企事業(yè)單位女性專業(yè)技術(shù)人員1529.7萬，占比48.6%，比1982年提高9.5個百分點。婦聯(lián)組織培養(yǎng)巾幗電商帶頭人10萬多名，輻射帶動1500多萬婦女增收致富，初步形成“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+女性創(chuàng)業(yè)”的服務(wù)體系，使婦女不出戶、不出村就能享受到便捷高效的就業(yè)服務(wù)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)領(lǐng)域創(chuàng)業(yè)者中女性達(dá)到55%。

Women's job options are greatly expanded. Throughout the process of socialist modernization, women's productivity have been continuously unleashed and their employment options also broadened. In 2010, 46.8% of women worked in the secondary and tertiary sectors, up 24.8 percentage points from 1982. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has prioritized employment while actively promoting gender equality in employment. China published a Notice on further straightening recruitment behaviors to promote women's employment, which explicitly prohibited six types of gender discriminations in job market. Joint enquiry, market supervision and judicial relief are put in place to ensure women can enjoy equal rights in employment. In 2017, there were 15.297 million women technicians in state-owned enterprises and institutions, making up 48.6% of the total technicians, and the figure also represented a 9.5-percentage-point rise from 1982. Over 100,000 women acquired knowledge and skills for e-commerce through the women's federations programs, who in turn helped 15 million women to increase their income. An "internet + women employment" model has taken shape, by which women can gain access to efficient employment services without leaving their homes. Women have made up 55% of the population doing business online. 

各行各業(yè)優(yōu)秀女性大量涌現(xiàn)。中國尊重婦女主體地位，發(fā)揮婦女聰明才智，拓寬婦女就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)渠道，加強(qiáng)就業(yè)服務(wù)培訓(xùn)，支持婦女在國家建設(shè)中建功立業(yè)。各級婦聯(lián)組織表彰了一大批三八紅旗手、三八紅旗手標(biāo)兵和三八紅旗集體。各級工會組織大力表彰五一巾幗標(biāo)兵崗和五一巾幗標(biāo)兵。改革開放40多年來，婦女參與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展的能力顯著增強(qiáng)，在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技、教育、文化、衛(wèi)生等各條戰(zhàn)線展現(xiàn)巾幗風(fēng)采、貢獻(xiàn)巾幗力量。比如，屠呦呦為中藥和中西藥結(jié)合研究做出了卓越貢獻(xiàn)，是中國首位獲得諾貝爾獎的女科學(xué)家，是中國婦女的杰出代表。

A large number of women are demonstrating excellent work performance in various sectors. China respects women as the mainstay of the country, giving full play to their talents, expanding employment opportunities for women and improving employment service and occupational training so as to  support women to make achievements in building their country. Women's federations at various levels have rewarded a host of women with such titles as National March 8th Red-Banner Pacesetters, March 8th Red-Banner Individual Holders, or March 8th Red Banner Collectives. Trade unions at different levels also rewarded those with titles of the Labor Day Women Model Posts or Labor Day Model Women Workers. Women's capabilities in contributing to economic and social development have been significantly enhanced over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up, which has been demonstrated in politics, economy, science and technology, education, culture and health. Tu Youyou, a representative of distinguished women, has made great contributions to the research of Chinese traditional medicine and cross-research of Chinese and Western medicine and she is the first female Chinese scientist to win a Nobel Prize.

四、婦女政治地位顯著提高

IV. Women's Political Status Has Grown Significantly

中國重視保障婦女與男子平等的政治權(quán)利。新中國成立之初，就從法律上規(guī)定了男女享有平等的選舉權(quán)、被選舉權(quán)和管理國家事務(wù)的權(quán)利。改革開放40多年來，中國特色社會主義民主政治不斷完善，為婦女參政提供了新機(jī)遇、拓展了新渠道。黨的十八大以來，在推進(jìn)國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中，婦女參與國家和社會事務(wù)管理的水平全面提升，在民主政治建設(shè)中的作用日益增強(qiáng)。

China attaches importance to ensuring women's equal political rights with men. Since the early years of New China, the state has drawn up and implemented laws to guarantee that women share equal rights with men to vote, to be elected, and to participate in the administration of state affairs. Over the past four decades since the reform and opening-up, steady progress has been made in enhancing China's socialist democracy, which has provided new opportunities and channels for women to participate in politics. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, as China pushes forward the modernization process of state management system and governance capacity, women's capabilities to participate in the management of state and social affairs have comprehensively improved, and women are playing a greater role in the democratic and political construction.

中國共產(chǎn)黨作為執(zhí)政黨，一貫重視培養(yǎng)選拔女干部、發(fā)展女黨員。20世紀(jì)90年代以來，歷次黨代會報告都明確要求重視培養(yǎng)選拔女干部。黨的十九大報告強(qiáng)調(diào)，要統(tǒng)籌做好培養(yǎng)選拔女干部、少數(shù)民族干部和黨外干部工作。通過召開專題會議、制定政策文件、明確目標(biāo)要求等措施，持續(xù)加大培養(yǎng)力度，不斷提高女干部和女黨員比例。2017年，全國黨政機(jī)關(guān)女干部人數(shù)從改革開放初期的42.2萬增加至190.6萬，占干部總數(shù)的26.5%。2017年，中央機(jī)關(guān)及其直屬機(jī)構(gòu)新錄用公務(wù)員中女性比例達(dá)到52.4%；地方新錄用公務(wù)員中女性比例達(dá)到44%。2018年全國事業(yè)單位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子成員中，女性比例為22.2%，比2015年提高1.6個百分點。2018年，女黨員占黨員總數(shù)的27.2%，比1956年提高16.7個百分點。黨代會代表中的女性比例逐步提升，黨的十九大代表中的女性占比24.2%，比1956年黨的八大提高14.9個百分點。

As the ruling party of China, the CPC has highly valued the training and selection of women cadre and the admission of women Party members. Since the 1990s, reports of every Party congress have made it clear that efforts be taken to train and select women officials. The report of the 19th CPC National Congress emphasized the coordination of the training and selection of women officials, ethnic-minority officials and non-Party officials. Concrete measures including holding special conferences, formulating policies and documents and defining goals and requirements are taken to help steadily strengthen the training and increase the number and proportion of women officials and Party members. The number of female officials at Party and government departments increased from 422,000 in the early 1980s to 1.906 million in 2017, accounting for 26.5% of the total officials. In 2017, women accounted for 52.4% of public servants newly-recruited by the central government organs and their affiliates, and the proportion was 44% among local governments. In 2018, women represented 22% of the leadership in national public institutions, 1.6 percentage points higher than in 2015. In 2018, women accounted for 27.2% of Party members, 16.7 percentage points higher than in 1956. The proportion of women representatives in Party congresses has gradually increased, with the number for the 19th CPC National Congress at 24.2%, 14.9 percentage points higher than in 1956 when the 8th CPC National Congress was held.

人大代表和政協(xié)委員中女性比例逐步提升。重視發(fā)揮婦女在人民代表大會、人民政治協(xié)商會議中的作用，是中國的一貫主張。選舉法明確規(guī)定，全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會應(yīng)當(dāng)有適當(dāng)數(shù)量的婦女代表，并逐步提高婦女代表的比例。《中國婦女發(fā)展綱要（2011－2020年）》《國家人權(quán)行動計劃（2016－2020年）》要求，逐步提高女性在各級人大代表、政協(xié)委員中的比例。第十三屆全國人民代表大會女代表比例達(dá)到24.9%，比1954年第一屆提高12.9個百分點。政協(xié)第十三屆全國委員會女委員比例達(dá)到20.4%，比1949年第一屆提高14.3個百分點。

There are also higher ratios of women deputies in people's congresses and women members of the CPPCC. China has valued the role played by women in the people's congresses and the CPPCC. The election law includes explicit provisions on the proportion of women candidates to national and local people's congresses and requires gradual increase of the proportion. The Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020) and National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2016-2020) require the proportion of women delegates to the people's congresses and women members of CPPCC committees at all levels to be gradually increased. The ratio of women deputies to the 13th National People' s Congress was 24.9%, 12.9 percentage points higher than in 1954 when the first National People' s Congress was held. The proportion of women members at the 13th CPPCC national committee was 20.4%, 14.3 percentage points higher than 1949 when the first CPPCC was held.

婦女參與基層民主管理更加廣泛。積極推動基層民主建設(shè)進(jìn)程，適時制定修訂中國共產(chǎn)黨農(nóng)村基層組織工作條例、居民委員會組織法、村民委員會組織法等法律法規(guī)，推動村規(guī)民約、居民公約修訂完善，為婦女廣泛參與基層民主管理提供了堅實的制度保障。20世紀(jì)80年代以來，村民自治制度的建立發(fā)展為農(nóng)村婦女參與基層民主管理提供了重要保障和條件。2017年，村委會成員中女性比例為23.1%，比2000年提高7.4個百分點。婦女在居委會中的人數(shù)比例始終保持較高水平，2017年居委會成員中女性比例為49.7%，居委會主任中女性比例為39.9%。婦女參與企業(yè)民主管理比例穩(wěn)步提升，2017年，工會女會員占比38.3%，企業(yè)職工董事和職工監(jiān)事中女性比例分別為39.7%和41.6%。

Women's participation in the management of grassroots democracy has become more extensive. There is solid institutional guarantee for women to participate in the management of grassroots democracy, given the proactive measures to drive forward the development of grassroots democracy, the formulation and amendment of laws and regulations regarding rural grassroots organizations of the CPC, organic law of the urban residents' committees and organic law of the villagers' committee, and the amendment and improvement of regulations for villagers and urban residents. Since 1980s, the establishment and development of villagers' autonomy system has provided important protection and created conditions for women to participate in the management of grassroots democracy. In 2017, female representation in village committees was 23.1%, up 7.4 percentage points from 2000. The proportion of women in urban residents' committees has remained high. In 2017, women made up 49.7% of neighborhood committees and female heads of neighborhood committees reached 39.9%. Female participation in democratic management in enterprises has gradually increased as well. In 2017, female workers represented 38.3% of the trade union members and female representatives made up 39.7% and 41.6% of boards of directors and regulatory committees, respectively.

婦女和婦女組織在民主政治建設(shè)中的作用越來越大。婦女參與國家和社會事務(wù)管理的途徑更加多元，渠道更加暢通。人大女代表、政協(xié)女委員認(rèn)真履職，為國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展和婦女事業(yè)建言獻(xiàn)策。各級黨政機(jī)關(guān)女干部立足崗位，為貫徹落實男女平等基本國策、促進(jìn)婦女發(fā)展恪盡職守。廣大婦女民主參與意識不斷提高，利用各類平臺對國家和社會事務(wù)提出建議、表達(dá)訴求。婦聯(lián)組織積極履行代表婦女參與國家和社會事務(wù)管理的職責(zé)，參與有關(guān)法律法規(guī)和政策的制定、參與協(xié)商民主、參與社會治理和公共服務(wù)。黨的十八大以來，婦聯(lián)改革使一大批有熱心、有專長、有影響力的婦女骨干進(jìn)入各級婦聯(lián)特別是基層婦聯(lián)工作隊伍，鄉(xiāng)、村兩級婦聯(lián)執(zhí)委達(dá)到770多萬，在基層治理中發(fā)揮了重要作用。

Women and women's organizations have been playing increasingly bigger roles in the development of the country's democracy and political construction. The channels for women to participate in the management of state and social issues have become more diversified and accessible. Women delegates to people's congresses and women members of the CPPCC have earnestly performed their duties by pooling wisdom for the national economic and social development and for the promotion of the women's cause. Women officials in Party and government organs at all levels have carried out their duties with dedication, implementing basic state policy on gender equality and improving women's development. Women's awareness of participating in democracy has also improved. Women are offering suggestions and appeals on state and social affairs through various platforms. Women's federations have actively participated in the management of state and social affairs, the formulation of laws, regulations and policies, and taken part in consultative democracy, social governance and public services on behalf of women. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the reform of women's federation has drawn a number of passionate, professional and influential female elites to work for women's federations at all levels, especially for grassroots bodies. Female executive members of women's federations at township and village level have reached 7.7 million, playing a significant role in grassroots governance.

五、婦女受教育水平顯著提升

V. Women's Education Level Has Risen Significantly

中國通過制定實施法律法規(guī)賦予婦女同男子平等的受教育權(quán)利。在堅持優(yōu)先發(fā)展教育、持續(xù)實施教育惠民政策、縮小城鄉(xiāng)教育差距、積極推進(jìn)教育公平的歷史進(jìn)程中，婦女受教育狀況不斷改善，受教育水平大幅提升。

China endows men and women with equal rights to education by formulating and implementing laws and regulations. By upholding the policy of prioritizing education and developing education for the benefit of people,  narrowing the education gap between urban and rural areas, actively promoting fairness in education, women's education status has been gradually improved, with their education level greatly lifted.

掃除婦女文盲成果斐然。新中國成立之初，婦女文盲率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于男性。1949年第一次全國教育工作會議提出，要在全國范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行識字教育、掃除文盲。1956年中國發(fā)布《關(guān)于掃除文盲的決定》，再次明確掃盲工作目標(biāo)。20世紀(jì)50年代開展的三次掃盲運(yùn)動，幫助1600萬名婦女脫盲。改革開放后，中國持續(xù)開展掃盲工作，到1993年累計掃除婦女文盲1.1億。1995年以來，中國政府頒布實施三個周期的中國婦女發(fā)展綱要，始終把掃除婦女文盲、提高婦女識字率作為主要目標(biāo)，把掃除農(nóng)村婦女文盲作為重點。全國15歲及以上女性人口文盲率由新中國成立前的90%降至2017年的7.3%，實現(xiàn)歷史巨變。

The drive to eliminate female illiteracy has achieved a remarkable progress. The illiteracy rate for women was much higher than that for men when New China was founded. At the first national education conference held in 1949, a campaign was launched to promote literacy and eradicate illiteracy nationwide. In 1956, China promulgated the Decision to Eradicate Illiteracy, reaffirming the goal of illiteracy eradication. The three illiteracy eradication campaigns in 1950s helped over 16 million women become literate. Since the reform and opening up, China has continued to carry out campaigns to eradicate illiteracy, helping a total of 110 million women become literate by 1993. Since 1995, the government has promulgated and implemented Chinese women's development outlines covering three different periods, all of which put the eradication of female illiteracy and improvement of female literacy as a major goal and regard the eradication of illiteracy among rural women as a key issue. The illiteracy rate among females aged 15 and above dropped from 90% in 1949 to 7.3% in 2017, which was a historic change.

九年義務(wù)教育基本消除性別差距。在大力掃除婦女文盲的基礎(chǔ)上，中國高度重視保障女童接受基礎(chǔ)教育的權(quán)利和機(jī)會。制定出臺《中華人民共和國義務(wù)教育法》等法律和政策，不斷加大義務(wù)教育投入，重點向農(nóng)村地區(qū)傾斜，通過設(shè)立中小學(xué)助學(xué)金、制定女童專項扶助政策、實施“春蕾計劃”和“希望工程”等助學(xué)項目，大大增加了農(nóng)村女童受教育的機(jī)會。黨的十八大以來，大力推進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)義務(wù)教育一體化發(fā)展，補(bǔ)齊農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育短板，農(nóng)村女童接受教育的機(jī)會更多。2017年，女童小學(xué)凈入學(xué)率達(dá)到99.9%，與男童完全相同；普通小學(xué)和普通初中在校生中女生比例分別達(dá)到46.5%和46.4%，比1951年分別提高18.5和20.8個百分點。義務(wù)教育階段基本實現(xiàn)男女平等。

The gender gap in the nine-year compulsory education has been basically eliminated. On the basis of eradicating female illiteracy, China attaches great importance to guaranteeing the rights and opportunities for girls to receive basic education, having formulated and issued such laws and policies as the Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China to continuously increase investments in compulsory education, giving preferential treatment to rural areas. By offering grants to students in primary and secondary schools, rolling out special support policies for girls, implementing aid projects including the Spring Bud Project and the Project Hope, the country has significantly expanded the opportunities for rural girls to receive education. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, great effort has been made to integrate compulsory education in both urban and rural areas, having overcome the weaknesses in rural compulsory education and created even more opportunities for rural girls to receive education. In 2017, the net primary school enrollment rates of boys and girls were both 99.9%; the proportion of girls in regular primary schools and regular junior high schools was 46.5% and 46.4% respectively, 18.5 and 20.8 percentage points higher than those in 1951 respectively. Gender equality in compulsory education has been basically achieved.

婦女接受高中階段和高等教育水平實現(xiàn)歷史新高。中國高度重視教育發(fā)展，女性接受高中階段和高等教育的機(jī)會不斷增加。改革開放40多年來，大力普及高中階段教育，加大中西部貧困地區(qū)扶持力度，實行家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生資助政策，女性接受高中階段教育的機(jī)會顯著增多。2017年，高中階段教育毛入學(xué)率達(dá)到88.3%，高中階段教育在校女生占在校生總數(shù)的47.7%，其中普通高中在校生中女生比例已達(dá)50.9%。1998年頒布《中華人民共和國高等教育法》，不斷擴(kuò)大高等教育規(guī)模，推行助學(xué)貸款制度，設(shè)立助學(xué)獎學(xué)金，為更多女性接受高等教育創(chuàng)造了條件。2017年，普通高等學(xué)校本?？圃谛Ｅ荚谛Ｉ倲?shù)的比例已達(dá)52.5%，比1978年提高28.4個百分點，比1949年提高32.7個百分點；女研究生占研究生總數(shù)的比例已達(dá)48.4%，比1985年提高29.8個百分點。

The rate of women enjoying high school and higher education has reached a record high. China attaches great importance to the development of education, with the opportunities for women to enjoy high school and higher education on a steady rise. In the past four decades since the reform and opening up, the country has made a vigorous effort to popularize high school education, giving more assistance to poor areas in central and western China and offering grants to students from impoverished families. As a result, opportunities for girls to receive high school education have remarkably increased. In 2017, the gross high school enrollment rate was 88.3%, with girls accounting for 47.7% of all students in high schools, and 50.9% of students in regular high schools were females. The Higher Education Law of the People's Republic of China promulgated in 1998 created conditions for more females to enjoy higher education by expanding the scale of higher education, promoting educational loan system, and offering students grants and scholarships. Women accounted for 52.5% of students in regular institutions of higher education, 28.4 percentage points higher than in 1978, 32.7 percentage points higher than in 1949; women accounted for 48.4% of postgraduate students, 29.8 percentage points higher than in 1985.

婦女接受職業(yè)教育和繼續(xù)教育人數(shù)大幅增加。中國不斷完善職業(yè)教育法律政策，逐步建立健全職業(yè)教育體系，婦女接受職業(yè)教育的機(jī)會不斷增加。1996年《中華人民共和國職業(yè)教育法》頒布，提出國家采取措施幫助婦女接受職業(yè)教育。黨的十八大以來，中國更加重視職業(yè)教育發(fā)展。2019年頒布《國家職業(yè)教育改革實施方案》和《高職擴(kuò)招專項工作實施方案》，擴(kuò)大高等職業(yè)教育招生規(guī)模，提升職業(yè)教育現(xiàn)代化水平，為婦女接受職業(yè)教育提供了新機(jī)遇。2017年，中等職業(yè)教育在校女生占在校生總數(shù)的42.9%。改革開放40多年來，繼續(xù)教育得到長足發(fā)展，成為婦女獲得知識、增長技能、提高素質(zhì)的重要渠道，婦女參加高等學(xué)歷繼續(xù)教育的人數(shù)和比例逐年上升。2017年，全國成人本專科在校女生占在校生總數(shù)的58.8%，比1988年提高27.3個百分點；網(wǎng)絡(luò)本?？圃谛Ｅ荚谛Ｉ倲?shù)的47.3%。此外，婦女還廣泛參與各級各類非學(xué)歷繼續(xù)教育。

The number of women receiving vocational education and continued education has witnessed a marked increase. China has continuously worked to perfect laws and policies regarding vocational education, and gradually established and improved the vocational education system, which have increased the opportunities for women to receive vocational education. The Vocational Education Law of the People's Republic of China promulgated in 1996 states that the country takes measures to help women receive vocational education. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has attached more importance to the development of vocational education. The National Implementation Plan for Vocational Education Reform and the Special Implementation Plan for the Expansion of Enrollment by Higher Vocational Schools promulgated in 2019 expanded the scale of enrollment for higher vocational education, promoted the modernization of vocational education, and provided new opportunities for women to receive vocational education. In 2017, women accounted for 42.9% of students in secondary vocational schools. Over the past four decades since the reform and opening up, continued education has witnessed remarkable progress and has become an important channel for women to acquire knowledge, gain skills and improve their qualities. The number and proportion of women participating in higher continued education have both increased year by year. In 2017, women accounted for 58.8% of students in institutes for continued education, 27.3 percentage points higher than in 1988; 47.3% of students attending online higher continued education were women. Besides, women are widely attending non-degree education at all levels and of all categories.

女童平等接受學(xué)前教育取得成效。新中國成立初期，在機(jī)關(guān)單位、工礦企業(yè)、街道、公社建立幼兒園。1992年國務(wù)院頒布實施《九十年代中國兒童發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要》，提出3－6歲幼兒入園率達(dá)到35%。從2011年開始，中國連續(xù)實施三期學(xué)前教育三年行動計劃，解決入園難問題?！吨袊鴭D女發(fā)展綱要（2011－2020年）》提出，學(xué)前教育毛入學(xué)率達(dá)到70%，女童平等接受學(xué)前教育。2018年，中共中央、國務(wù)院印發(fā)《關(guān)于學(xué)前教育深化改革規(guī)范發(fā)展的若干意見》，要求推進(jìn)學(xué)前教育普及普惠安全優(yōu)質(zhì)發(fā)展。2017年，3－6歲兒童毛入園率為79.6%，全國接受學(xué)前教育的幼兒達(dá)4600萬，其中女童占比46.7%。

Efforts to ensure girls equally enjoy preschool education have proved effective. When New China was founded, kindergartens were built by institutional units, industrial and mining enterprises, neighborhoods and communes. In 1992, the State Council promulgated the Planning Outline for Development of Chinese Children in 1990s, which stipulates that the kindergarten enrollment rate for children aged 3-6 should reach 35%. Since 2011, China has implemented three three-year action plans for preschool education in a row, solving the difficulty of getting enrolled in kindergartens. China National Program for Women's Development (2011-2020) stipulates that the gross enrollment rate of preschool education should reach 70% and that girls enjoy equal preschool education. The document, Multiple Opinions on Deepening Reform and Standardizing Development of Preschool Education, issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council in 2018 calls for the popularization as well as safe and quality development of preschool education for the benefit of all. In 2017, the gross kindergarten enrollment rate for children aged 3-6 was 79.6%. The number of children receiving preschool education reached 46 million, with girls accounting for 46.7%.

六、婦女健康狀況極大改善

VI. Women's Health Condition Has Improved Dramatically

婦女兒童健康是全民健康的基石。中國高度重視發(fā)展婦幼保健事業(yè)，將保障婦女兒童健康納入國家戰(zhàn)略，不斷完善婦幼健康法規(guī)政策體系。建立覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的三級婦幼健康服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，大力實施婦幼衛(wèi)生項目，為婦女提供全生命周期的健康服務(wù)，不斷提高婦幼衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的公平性、均等化，婦女健康狀況顯著改善。

Health of women and children is the cornerstone of the health of all people. China attaches great importance to the development of maternal and child health care, incorporates the protection of women's and children's health into the national strategy, and constantly improves the system of laws and policies on maternal and child health. China has established a three-tier network of maternal and child health services, covering urban and rural areas. China vigorously implements maternal and child health projects, providing full life-cycle health services for women and constantly improving the fairness and equalization of maternal and child health services. As a result, women's health has significantly improved.

婦幼健康法律法規(guī)和政策體系不斷完善。新中國成立之初，把婦幼健康作為衛(wèi)生健康事業(yè)重要內(nèi)容，積極推進(jìn)婦幼保健工作。改革開放40多年來，中國頒布實施母嬰保健法等法律法規(guī)，將婦幼健康事業(yè)納入經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展總體規(guī)劃。國家“十三五”規(guī)劃綱要、“健康中國2030”規(guī)劃綱要、中國婦女發(fā)展綱要和中國兒童發(fā)展綱要等，都提出明確的婦幼健康目標(biāo)措施，將婦幼健康核心指標(biāo)納入各級政府目標(biāo)考核，強(qiáng)化政府主體責(zé)任。

The system of laws, regulations and policies on maternal and child health has been continuously improved. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, maternal and child health was actively promoted as an important part of health care. Over the past four decades since the reform and opening up, China has promulgated and implemented laws and regulations on maternal and child health, including the Law of the People's Republic of China on Maternal and Infant Health Care. China has incorporated maternal and child health into its overall economic and social development plan. Many national plans, including the Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan, the Outline of the Healthy China 2030, the Program for the Development of Chinese Women and the Program for the Development of Chinese Children, all set out specific targets and measures for maternal and child health, incorporate core indicators of maternal and child health into the target assessment of governments at all levels, and strengthen the primary responsibilities of the government.

中國特色婦幼健康服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)不斷加強(qiáng)。中國致力于加強(qiáng)婦幼衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)建設(shè)。自1950年起，在城鄉(xiāng)逐步建立以婦幼保健機(jī)構(gòu)為核心、以基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)為基礎(chǔ)、以大中型綜合醫(yī)院?？漆t(yī)院和相關(guān)科研教學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)為支撐，具有中國特色的婦幼健康服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。改革開放40多年來，中國持續(xù)加大基層婦幼保健網(wǎng)絡(luò)投入，不斷完善婦幼保健服務(wù)體系，建立了婦幼衛(wèi)生年報系統(tǒng)和世界上規(guī)模最大的婦幼衛(wèi)生監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)。黨的十八大以來，婦幼保健網(wǎng)絡(luò)逐步嵌入覆蓋14億人口的醫(yī)療保障網(wǎng)和覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的三級醫(yī)療保健網(wǎng)，婦幼健康信息化建設(shè)不斷加強(qiáng)。2018年，全國共有婦幼保健機(jī)構(gòu)3080家、婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院807家、婦幼保健工作者近64萬人，被世界衛(wèi)生組織列為婦幼健康高績效的10個國家之一。

A network of maternal and child health services with Chinese characteristics has been improved. China is committed to strengthening the construction of maternal and child health institutions. Since 1950, a network of maternal and child health services with Chinese characteristics has been gradually established in urban and rural areas, with maternity and child care institutions as the core, community-level health care institutions as the foundation, and large and medium-sized medical institutions and relevant research and teaching institutions as the support. Over the past four decades since the reform and opening up, China has continued to increase input in the community-level network of maternal and child health care and improve the service system. China has built an annual reporting system as well as the largest monitoring network in the world on maternal and child health. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the network of maternal and child health care has been gradually embedded into the medical security network covering 1.4 billion people and the three-tier medical care network covering urban and rural areas. The IT construction of maternal and child health has been strengthened. In 2018, there were 3,080 maternal and child care institutions, 807 maternity hospitals and nearly 640,000 maternal and child care workers throughout the country. The World Health Organization lists China as one of the 10 countries with high performance in maternal and child health.

婦幼健康服務(wù)公平性、可及性逐步提升。新中國重視保障母嬰安全，積極推廣新法接生，防治危害婦女身心健康的嚴(yán)重疾病。改革開放40多年來，中國積極推廣婚前醫(yī)學(xué)檢查，提供全方位孕期保健服務(wù)，全面推廣普及住院分娩，積極推進(jìn)產(chǎn)后保健服務(wù)，加強(qiáng)孕產(chǎn)婦系統(tǒng)管理，逐步建立起系統(tǒng)規(guī)范的孕產(chǎn)婦管理制度和服務(wù)模式，有效保障了孕產(chǎn)婦健康。從2000年起，相繼實施降低孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率和消除新生兒破傷風(fēng)、農(nóng)村孕產(chǎn)婦住院分娩補(bǔ)助、預(yù)防艾滋病梅毒乙肝母嬰傳播、農(nóng)村婦女“兩癌”檢查、免費(fèi)孕前優(yōu)生健康檢查等婦幼重大公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)項目。2009年起，實施國家基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)項目，人均補(bǔ)助經(jīng)費(fèi)由最初的15元提高到2018年的55元，免費(fèi)提供包括孕產(chǎn)婦健康管理在內(nèi)的14類基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)。2018年，全國孕產(chǎn)婦住院分娩率為99.9%。截至2018年底，農(nóng)村婦女“兩癌”檢查項目為超過8500萬名婦女免費(fèi)提供宮頸癌檢查，為2000萬名婦女免費(fèi)提供乳腺癌檢查，僅婦聯(lián)系統(tǒng)救助貧困患病婦女10.22萬人。

Maternal and child health services have become more equitable and accessible. New China attaches great importance to the safety of mothers and infants, actively popularizing new methods of delivering babies, and preventing and controlling serious diseases that endanger women's physical and mental health. Over the past four decades since the launch of reform and opening up, China has actively promoted pre-marital medical examination, provided comprehensive pregnancy health care services and popularized hospital childbirths. China has also improved postpartum health care services, strengthened the systematic management of pregnant and lying-in women, and gradually established systematic and standardized management systems and service models for pregnant and lying-in women, effectively protecting their health. Since 2000, major public health services for women and children have been implemented to reduce maternal mortality and eliminate neonatal tetanus. The state has subsidized hospital childbirths for rural pregnant women and carried out major projects on preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS, syphilis and hepatitis B. China has also launched the program of free cervical and breast cancer screening for rural women, providing free pre-pregnancy health check-ups. Since 2009, China has implemented the national program for basic public health services, increasing the per capita subsidy from 15 yuan in 2009 to 55 yuan in 2018, and providing 14 types of free basic public health services, including maternal health management. In 2018, the national hospital birth rate increased to 99.9%. By the end of 2018, the program of free cervical and breast cancer screening for rural women has provided free cervical cancer screening for more than 85 million women and free breast cancer screening for 20 million women. The system of women's federations alone has helped 102,200 women having financial difficulties.

婦女生殖保健服務(wù)不斷加強(qiáng)。制定出臺法規(guī)政策和規(guī)劃，實施生殖健康項目，不斷提高婦女生殖健康水平。20世紀(jì)90年代，積極開展以人為本的計劃生育優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)，推進(jìn)避孕方法知情選擇，尊重和保護(hù)婦女生殖健康權(quán)益。黨的十八大以來，中國調(diào)整完善生育政策，強(qiáng)化計劃生育優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)。2016年發(fā)布《“十三五”衛(wèi)生與健康規(guī)劃》，實施免費(fèi)計劃生育技術(shù)服務(wù)基本項目，普及避孕節(jié)育、優(yōu)生優(yōu)育和生殖健康知識，提高藥具服務(wù)的可及性和便捷性，做好再生育技術(shù)指導(dǎo)服務(wù)，提高生殖健康水平。2018年印發(fā)《母嬰安全行動計劃》《人工流產(chǎn)后避孕服務(wù)規(guī)范》，開展妊娠風(fēng)險防范、危急重癥救治、質(zhì)量安全提升、?？颇芰ㄔO(shè)、便民優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)五大行動，特別是為農(nóng)村計劃懷孕夫婦免費(fèi)提供健康教育、健康檢查等孕前優(yōu)生服務(wù)。開展流動人口計劃生育基本公共服務(wù)均等化試點，為流動婦女提供孕產(chǎn)婦保健服務(wù)。

Reproductive health services for women have been further strengthened. China has enacted relevant laws, policies, and plans to improve women's reproductive health. In the 1990s, China launched people-oriented services for family planning, promoted informed choice of contraceptive methods and protected women's rights and interests of reproductive health. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has adjusted and improved its family planning policy and strengthened the quality of family planning services. In 2016, the 13th Five-Year Plan on Health Development was released to implement basic programs of free technical services for family planning, popularize the knowledge of contraception, healthy childbirth and child rearing, and reproductive health, improve the accessibility and convenience of pharmaceutical services, enhance reproductive technical guidance services, and lift the level of reproductive health. In 2018, China issued the Maternal and Child Safety Action Plan and the Codes of Contraceptive Services after Induced Abortion to implement five major actions consisting of lowering pregnancy risk, treating severe diseases, improving quality and safety, empowering specialist capacity, and providing convenient and high-quality services for women. The country offers free pre-pregnancy health services including health education and health examination to rural couples who plan for pregnancy. China has launched pilot programs to ensure equal access to family planning and other basic public services by women in the migrant population, and has provided maternal health services for women in the migrant population.

婦女健康水平持續(xù)提高。2015年，婦女平均預(yù)期壽命為79.4歲，比1981年提高了10.1歲，比新中國成立時提高了42.7歲。孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率持續(xù)降低，提前實現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)。2018年，全國孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率為18.3/10萬，比1990年的88.8/10萬大幅下降了79.4%。城鄉(xiāng)差距不斷縮小，城市與農(nóng)村孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率之比從1990年的1∶2.2下降到2018年的1∶1.3。

Women's health has further improved. Women's average life expectancy grew to 79.4 years in 2015, an increase of 10.1 years over 1981 and 42.7 years over 1949 when New China was founded. The maternal mortality rate has fallen 79.4% from 88.8 per 100,000 in 1990 to 18.3 per 100,000 in 2018, meaning that China has achieved the United Nations Millennium Development Goals ahead of time. The gap between urban and rural areas has been further narrowed: the ratio of urban to rural maternal mortality decreased from 1:2.2 in 1990 to 1:1.3 in 2018.

七、婦女社會保障水平不斷提高

VII. Social Security for Women Continues to Improve

堅持在發(fā)展中保障和改善婦女民生。中國加快建設(shè)覆蓋全民、城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)籌、權(quán)責(zé)清晰、保障適度、可持續(xù)的多層次社會保障體系，全面實施全民參保計劃，全面推進(jìn)病有所醫(yī)、老有所養(yǎng)、弱有所扶，各項社會保障實現(xiàn)了制度性覆蓋，婦女的獲得感、幸福感、安全感持續(xù)增強(qiáng)。

China sticks to ensuring and improving women's livelihood in the course of pursing development. China works to develop a sustainable multi-tiered social security system that covers the entire population in both urban and rural areas, with clearly defined rights and responsibilities, and support that hits the right level. China will work to see that everyone has access to social security, medical services, elderly care, and social assistance. With social security institutionalized, Chinese women have an ever-stronger sense of fulfillment, happiness and security.

婦女生育保障水平大幅提高。積極推進(jìn)生育保障制度建設(shè)，保障婦女生育權(quán)益。從1949年到1992年，相繼出臺勞動保險條例、公費(fèi)醫(yī)療以及女工產(chǎn)假等政策規(guī)定，生育女性享有產(chǎn)假及生育津貼、生育補(bǔ)助和醫(yī)療服務(wù)費(fèi)用報銷等待遇。1994年出臺《企業(yè)職工生育保險試行辦法》，對生育保險的籌資、待遇等作出規(guī)定，標(biāo)志著城鎮(zhèn)職工生育保險制度的全面推行。2010年頒布的《中華人民共和國社會保險法》設(shè)生育保險專章，將部門規(guī)章上升為國家法律，為保障婦女生育權(quán)益提供法律依據(jù)。黨的十八大以來，生育保障制度不斷完善。2019年出臺《關(guān)于全面推進(jìn)生育保險和職工基本醫(yī)療保險合并實施的意見》，要求整合兩項保險基金及管理資源，確保職工生育期間的生育保險待遇不變、確保制度可持續(xù)，有利于擴(kuò)大生育保險覆蓋面，使更多生育婦女受益。2018年，參加生育保險人數(shù)達(dá)兩億，其中女性8927萬。參加城鄉(xiāng)居民基本醫(yī)療保險的女性，享受生育醫(yī)療費(fèi)用報銷待遇，未就業(yè)女性的生育權(quán)益得到保障。女職工法定產(chǎn)假由90天延長到98天。各地陸續(xù)調(diào)整相關(guān)法規(guī)，設(shè)置生育獎勵假和配偶護(hù)理假，一些地方對相關(guān)津貼待遇作出明確規(guī)定。

The level of maternity protection for women has increased significantly. China has actively developed a maternity protection system to safeguard women's reproductive rights and interests. From 1949 to 1992, China issued labor insurance regulations, policies of free medical services and regulations on maternity leave for women workers, stating that women who give birth enjoy maternity leave, maternity benefits, childbirth allowances, reimbursement for medical expenses and other services. In 1994, China introduced the Trial Measures for Maternity Insurance for Enterprise Employees which stipulated the financing and treatment of maternity insurance and marked the comprehensive implementation of maternity insurance system for urban employees. The Social Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China, promulgated in 2010, has a separate chapter for maternity insurance, turning departmental regulations to national laws and providing a legal basis for safeguarding women's reproductive rights and interests. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the system of maternity protection has been constantly improved. In 2019, China issued a guideline to combine maternity insurance with basic medical insurance for employees, requiring the integration of the two insurance funds and management resources to ensure that maternity insurance benefits for employees remain sustainable and unchanged during the childbearing, which will help to expand the coverage of maternity insurance and benefit more women who give birth. In 2018, the number of people participating in maternity insurance reached more than 200 million and the number of women was 89.27 million. Women who participate in basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents enjoy reimbursement for medical expenses for childbirth, and the reproductive rights and interests of unemployed women are protected. China has extended statutory maternity leave from 90 days to 98 days. Relevant laws and regulations have been adjusted gradually in various places and childbirth incentive leave and spouse care leave have also been set up. Some local authorities have explicated provisions on relevant allowance and benefits.

婦女醫(yī)療保障實現(xiàn)制度全覆蓋。新中國成立之初，建立了醫(yī)療保障制度，機(jī)關(guān)事業(yè)單位和企業(yè)分別實行公費(fèi)醫(yī)療和勞保醫(yī)療，農(nóng)村依托集體經(jīng)濟(jì)建立農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療，廣大婦女享有不同程度的基本醫(yī)療保障。改革開放40多年來，中國逐步建立健全職工基本醫(yī)療保險制度、新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療和城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險制度，城鄉(xiāng)婦女基本醫(yī)療保障實現(xiàn)制度全覆蓋。黨的十八大以來，多層次的醫(yī)療保障體系進(jìn)一步完善，2016年整合城鄉(xiāng)居民醫(yī)療保險，增強(qiáng)制度的公平性，完善城鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)療救助和補(bǔ)充醫(yī)療保險制度，使更多婦女享有更公平的醫(yī)療保障。2018年，據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計，全國基本醫(yī)療保險女性參保人數(shù)約為5.4億。

The medical security system for women is fully in place. When New China was founded, a medical security system was established, with government units and public institutions implementing free medical care, enterprises carrying out labor-insurance medical care, and rural areas launching cooperative medical care relying on the collective economy. Women enjoyed different levels of basic medical security. Over the past four decades since the launch of reform and opening up, China has gradually established and improved a basic medical insurance system for workers, a new rural cooperative medical care system and a basic medical insurance system for urban residents. A basic medical insurance system for urban and rural women has been fully implemented. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the multi-level medical security system has been further improved. In 2016, the medical insurance system for urban and rural residents was consolidated and the fairness of the system was enhanced. The urban and rural medical assistance and supplementary medical insurance system were improved, allowing more women to enjoy equitable medical security. According to incomplete statistics, the number of women under basic health insurance around the country in 2018 was approximately 540 million.

婦女養(yǎng)老保障水平顯著提高。中國建立并不斷完善城鎮(zhèn)職工養(yǎng)老保險制度，改革開放后，加快建立城鎮(zhèn)居民養(yǎng)老保險制度，大力推進(jìn)新型農(nóng)村社會養(yǎng)老保險，婦女參保人數(shù)和待遇水平實現(xiàn)“從無到有、從少到多、從低到高”的可喜變化。黨的十八大以來，養(yǎng)老保障制度更加完善，2014年新型農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險和城鎮(zhèn)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險合并為城鄉(xiāng)居民基本養(yǎng)老保險，使城鄉(xiāng)未就業(yè)婦女公平享有基本養(yǎng)老保障。2017年，全國近3.8億婦女參加了基本養(yǎng)老保險。截至2018年底，全國普遍建立了經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的高齡、失能等老年人補(bǔ)貼制度，老年婦女生活得到基本保障。

The level of old-age security for women has been significantly improved. China has established and continuously improved an endowment insurance system for the urban working group. Since the launch of reform and opening up, China has accelerated the construction of endowment insurance system for non-working urban residents and vigorously promoted a new social endowment insurance system for rural residents. The number of insured women and the level of their treatment have increased step by step. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the old-age insurance system has been further improved. In 2014, the new social endowment social security system for rural residents and the social endowment insurance system for non-working urban residents were unified into the basic endowment insurance system for rural and non-working urban residents, making it possible for urban and rural unemployed women to enjoy basic old-age security on an equal footing. In 2017, nearly 380 million women around the country participated in basic old-age insurance. By the end of 2018, a subsidy system for the elderly with financial difficulties resulting from aging and disability was generally established throughout the country. Elderly women's living standards are basically guaranteed.

婦女參加失業(yè)保險和工傷保險的人數(shù)不斷增加。中國高度重視勞動者的就業(yè)和保險權(quán)益，保障職工的就業(yè)、安全與健康。先后實行失業(yè)救濟(jì)制度、國有企業(yè)待業(yè)保險制度、下崗職工基本生活保障制度以及現(xiàn)行的失業(yè)保險制度，在就業(yè)領(lǐng)域處于相對弱勢的婦女得到基本保障。2017年，全國參加失業(yè)保險的女性7950萬，比2005年增加3924萬；參加工傷保險的女性8594萬，比2005年增加5581萬。

The number of women participating in unemployment insurance and workers' compensation insurance has been increasing. China attaches great importance to the employment and insurance rights and interests of workers to ensure their employment, safety and health. China has implemented the unemployment relief system, the unemployment insurance system in state-owned enterprises, the basic living security system for laid-off workers, and the current unemployment insurance system, generally protecting women who are relatively disadvantaged in employment. In 2017, 79.5 million women around the nation participated in unemployment insurance, and the number of women participating in the work-related injury insurance stood at 85.94 million, an increase of 39.24 million and 55.81 million over 2005, respectively.

國家社會救助制度惠及困難婦女。中國建立并逐步完善社會救助制度體系，為困難婦女提供基本生活保障。從計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時期的自然災(zāi)害救助、城市單位保障和農(nóng)村集體救助、農(nóng)村五保供養(yǎng)，到20世紀(jì)90年代逐步建立的最低生活保障、特困人員救助供養(yǎng)、臨時救助制度等，婦女都能平等享受。黨的十八大以來，社會救助體系逐步完善，有效幫助困難婦女共享改革發(fā)展成果。截至2018年底，全國城市低保對象中女性占44.8%，農(nóng)村低保對象中女性占42.0%。 

The national social assistance system benefits women in need. China has established and gradually improved a social assistance system to provide basic living security for women in need. From natural disaster relief, urban unit security, rural collective assistance and rural "Five Guarantees" in the planned economy period to the minimum living security, relief support for the extremely poor and the temporary assistance system established in the 1990s, women can enjoy equal rights. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the social assistance system has been gradually improved, effectively enabling women in need to share the fruits of reform and development. By the end of 2018, women accounted for 44.8% of the people who have subsistence allowance in urban areas and 42.0% of those in rural areas.

八、婦女在家庭文明建設(shè)中發(fā)揮獨(dú)特作用

VIII. Women Play Unique Role in Cultivation of Family Virtues

家庭是社會的細(xì)胞。家庭和睦則社會安定，家庭幸福則社會祥和，家庭文明則社會文明。中國始終高度重視家庭建設(shè)，注重保障婦女婚姻家庭權(quán)利，男女平等的婚姻家庭關(guān)系日益鞏固。黨的十八大以來，更加注重家庭、注重家教、注重家風(fēng)，更加注重發(fā)揮婦女在家庭生活中的獨(dú)特作用，推動社會主義核心價值觀在家庭落地生根，形成愛國愛家、相親相愛、向上向善、共建共享的社會主義家庭文明新風(fēng)尚。

Families are the cells of society. Family harmony is good for social stability, family happiness creates social harmony, and family virtues bring about social civilization. China has always attached great importance to family building, focused on protecting women's rights to marriage and family, and increasingly consolidated the equality between men and women in marriage and family relations. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, it has paid more attention to family, family education, family tradition, and the unique role of women in family life, promoting the core socialist values to take root in families, and forming a new style of socialist family virtues featuring patriotism, family love, mutual love and care, aspiration for the pursuit of excellence and moral integrity, and joint building and sharing.

建立完善男女平等的婚姻家庭制度。1950年頒布實施婚姻法，從根本上廢除了封建婚姻制度對婦女的歧視和壓迫，婦女的婚姻家庭生活發(fā)生了歷史性變革。1954年第一部憲法明確規(guī)定婦女與男子在家庭生活方面享有平等的權(quán)利，婚姻、家庭、母親和兒童受國家的保護(hù)。歷次憲法修改都注重保障婦女平等的婚姻家庭權(quán)益?；橐龇ㄐ薷闹厣陮嵭心信降鹊幕橐鲋贫龋珜?dǎo)維護(hù)平等、和睦、文明的婚姻家庭關(guān)系，增加禁止實施家庭暴力、家務(wù)勞動補(bǔ)償權(quán)和離婚損害賠償?shù)缺Ｕ蠇D女權(quán)益的條款。涉及婚姻家庭關(guān)系的相關(guān)法律法規(guī)都強(qiáng)調(diào)對婦女權(quán)益的保護(hù)。2015年出臺反家庭暴力法，規(guī)定禁止任何形式的家庭暴力，婦女在家庭中的人身權(quán)利進(jìn)一步得到保障。2017年頒布民法總則并啟動民法典編纂工作，重視進(jìn)一步完善男女平等的婚姻家庭制度。2017年，全國婦聯(lián)、中央綜治辦、最高人民法院等6部門出臺《關(guān)于做好婚姻家庭糾紛預(yù)防化解工作的意見》，為群眾化解婚姻家庭糾紛提供多元、便捷的服務(wù)。2018年最高人民法院出臺司法解釋，破解夫妻共同債務(wù)認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)難題。

Establishing a marriage and family system to improve the equality between men and women. The enactment of the New Marriage Law in 1950 fundamentally abolished the discrimination and oppression against women in the feudal marriage system, and as a result women's marriage and family life have undergone historical changes. The first 1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China clearly prescribed that women and men have equal rights in family life, and that marriage, family, mothers and children are protected by the state. All previous constitutional amendments have focused on protecting women's equal rights to marriage and family. The amendment of the Marriage Law reaffirmed the implementation of a marriage system featuring the equality between men and women, advocated maintaining equal, harmonious and civilized marriage and family relations, and added provisions prohibiting domestic violence and supporting compensation for housework and divorce damages. Relevant laws and regulations concerning marriage and family relations emphasize the protection of women's rights. In 2015, the Anti-Domestic Violence Law was enacted, which prohibits any form of domestic violence and protects women's personal rights in family. In 2017, the General Principles of the Civil Law was promulgated and the compilation of the Civil Code was initiated, focusing on further improving the marriage and family system featuring the equality between men and women. In 2017, six government entities, including the All-China Women's Federation, the Central Public Security Comprehensive Management Commission, and the Supreme People's Court, issued the "Opinions on Preventing and Resolving Marriage and Family Disputes" to provide diverse and convenient services for the public to resolve marriage and family disputes. In 2018, the Supreme People's Court issued a judicial interpretation to solve the thorny problem concerning the identification standard of the joint debts of husband and wife.

建立支持家庭和婦女發(fā)展的政策體系。新中國成立后，相繼出臺涉及婚姻、生育、托幼、養(yǎng)老等與家庭密切相關(guān)的政策，機(jī)關(guān)單位、工礦企業(yè)、街道、公社等建立哺乳室、托兒所、幼兒園，解放婦女勞動力，支持婦女廣泛參加社會勞動。改革開放40多年來，中國將家庭建設(shè)納入國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展總體規(guī)劃。國家“十二五”規(guī)劃綱要和國家“十三五”規(guī)劃綱要都對家庭建設(shè)提出明確要求，強(qiáng)調(diào)提高家庭發(fā)展能力，重視家庭在支撐社會發(fā)展、分擔(dān)社會責(zé)任中的作用。中國婦女發(fā)展綱要強(qiáng)調(diào)男女共擔(dān)家庭責(zé)任，發(fā)展面向家庭的公共服務(wù)，為夫妻雙方兼顧工作和家庭創(chuàng)造條件。2010年印發(fā)《國務(wù)院辦公廳關(guān)于發(fā)展家庭服務(wù)業(yè)的指導(dǎo)意見》，全國婦聯(lián)與人力資源社會保障部共同實施巾幗家政服務(wù)培訓(xùn)專項工程，幫助更多夫妻更好地兼顧工作與家庭。持續(xù)開展關(guān)愛女孩行動，深入推進(jìn)“婚育新風(fēng)進(jìn)萬家”活動。2015年，中共中央、國務(wù)院印發(fā)《關(guān)于實施全面兩孩政策改革完善計劃生育服務(wù)管理的決定》，提出構(gòu)建家庭發(fā)展支持體系，建立完善包括生育支持、幼兒養(yǎng)育、老人贍養(yǎng)等在內(nèi)的家庭發(fā)展政策，廣泛開展創(chuàng)建幸福家庭活動和新家庭計劃，增強(qiáng)家庭撫幼和養(yǎng)老功能，支持女性生育后重返工作崗位，鼓勵用人單位制定有利于職工平衡工作與家庭的措施，促進(jìn)社會性別平等。2019年，國務(wù)院辦公廳發(fā)布《關(guān)于促進(jìn)3歲以下嬰幼兒照護(hù)服務(wù)發(fā)展的指導(dǎo)意見》，提出建立健全嬰幼兒照護(hù)服務(wù)的政策法規(guī)體系和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范體系，為家庭育兒提供政策支持。

Establishing a policy system to support family and women's development. After New China was founded, policies closely associated with family were issued, including those related to marriage, maternity, child care, and elderly care. Government entities, industrial and mining enterprises, residential districts, and communes established nursing rooms, nurseries, kindergartens, which liberated women's labor and supported women's broad participation in social labor. For more than 40 years since the reform and opening up policy was adopted, China has incorporated family building into the overall plan for national economic and social development. The 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) and the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) outlined clear requirements for family building, emphasized the improvement of family development ability, and attached importance to the role of family in supporting social development and sharing social responsibility. The Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020) emphasized shared family responsibilities of men and women, development of family-oriented public services, and creation of conditions for both husband and wife to strike a balance between work and family. In 2010, the "Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on the Development of Family Service Industry" was issued. The All-China Women's Federation and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security jointly implemented a special project for training women on family services to help more couples better balance work and family. Further efforts were made to continue carrying out the campaign of caring girls and deeply promoting the activities of "Bringing a New Marital Style into Thousands of Families". In 2015, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the "Decision on Implementing a Comprehensive Two-Child Policy Reform and Perfecting Family Planning Service Management" which proposed establishing a family development support system, establishing complete family development policies, including birth support, child rearing, and elderly support. Measures were taken to extensively develop happy family activities and new family plans, strengthen the role of family in child care and elderly care, support women in returning to work after delivery, encourage employers to devise measures that help employees balance work and family, and promote gender equality in society. In 2019, General Office of the State Council issued the "Guiding Opinions on Improving Care Services for Infants Under 3 Years Old," proposing the establishment of a sound policy and regulation system and a standardized system for infant and child care services, and providing policy support for family parenting.

統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)社會資源支持服務(wù)家庭教育。中國高度重視家庭教育工作。1996年以來，全國婦聯(lián)、教育部、中央文明辦等部門連續(xù)發(fā)布了五輪家庭教育工作規(guī)劃。自2010年起，印發(fā)《全國家庭教育指導(dǎo)大綱》，出臺《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)家庭教育工作的指導(dǎo)意見》，在科學(xué)指導(dǎo)家庭教育實踐中發(fā)揮重要作用。家庭教育立法納入第十三屆全國人大常委會立法規(guī)劃，部分地區(qū)出臺了家庭教育促進(jìn)條例。2018年召開全國教育大會，強(qiáng)調(diào)全社會要擔(dān)負(fù)起青少年成長成才的責(zé)任，發(fā)揮家庭作為人生第一所學(xué)校、幫助扣好人生第一?？圩拥闹匾饔茫瑘猿职蚜⒌聵淙俗鳛榧彝ソ逃母救蝿?wù)，培養(yǎng)孩子的好思想、好品行、好習(xí)慣。目前，家庭教育指導(dǎo)服務(wù)的專業(yè)化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、精細(xì)化水平不斷提升，指導(dǎo)服務(wù)陣地多元化拓展。截至2017年底，共建立各類家長學(xué)校42.6萬個、培訓(xùn)7086萬人次，創(chuàng)辦網(wǎng)上家長學(xué)校1.7萬個、短信微信服務(wù)平臺6.5萬個。越來越多的城鄉(xiāng)家庭享受到普惠性、公益性的家庭教育指導(dǎo)服務(wù)。

Coordinating social resources to support family education service. China attaches great importance to family education. Since 1996, the All-China Women's Federation, the Ministry of Education, the Central Commission for Guiding Cultural and Ethical Progress and other departments have successively issued five rounds of family education work plans. Since 2010, the "Guiding Outline of National Family Education" and the "Guiding Opinions on Strengthening Family Education Work" were issued, which have played an important role in guiding family education practice in a scientific manner. Family education legislation was incorporated into the legislative plan of the Standing Committee of the 13th NPC, and in some regions regulations on promoting family education were issued. In 2018, the National Education Conference was held, emphasizing the responsibility of the whole society for boosting the healthy growth of the young, and the important role of family, as the first school in life, in helping fasten the first button of life, persisting in the fundamental task of strengthening moral education and cultivating people in family education, and fostering children's good thinking, good conduct, and good habits. At present, the level of specialization, networking and refinement of family education guidance services has been continuously improved, while the guidance service areas have been diversified. By the end of 2017, a total of 426,000 parent schools were established, 70.86 million training sessions were launched, and 17,000 online parent schools and 65,000 SMS and WeChat service platforms were established. More and more urban and rural families enjoy inclusive and public welfare family education guidance services.

重視發(fā)揮婦女在家庭文明建設(shè)中的獨(dú)特作用。中國重視發(fā)揮婦女在弘揚(yáng)家庭美德、樹立良好家風(fēng)方面的獨(dú)特作用。從20世紀(jì)50年代全國城鄉(xiāng)普遍開展的“五好家庭”評選活動，到改革開放后開展的具有鮮明時代特征的美好家庭、五好文明家庭、綠色家庭、平安家庭、和諧家庭、文明家庭等各類家庭文明建設(shè)活動，廣大婦女積極響應(yīng)參與，推動男女平等、夫妻和睦、尊老愛幼等家庭文化發(fā)展，倡導(dǎo)綠色環(huán)保、文明健康的生活方式，使家庭成為社會平安與和諧的起點，用榜樣力量引領(lǐng)家庭見賢思齊、崇德向善，追求和諧平安幸福生活。黨的十八大以來，更加重視發(fā)揮家庭在傳承美德、涵養(yǎng)家風(fēng)、立德樹人等方面的重要作用。2014年，婦聯(lián)組織開展尋找“最美家庭”活動以來，廣大婦女踴躍參加，推動社會主義核心價值觀在家庭落細(xì)落小落實，把家教家風(fēng)家訓(xùn)送到千家萬戶，以好的家風(fēng)支撐起好的社會風(fēng)氣。截至2018年底，累計4.85億人次參與線上線下尋找“最美家庭”活動，涌現(xiàn)出各級各類“最美家庭”380多萬戶。1997－2018年，表彰全國“五好家庭”8800多戶。2016年開始，各級工會女職工組織開展“培育好家風(fēng)——女職工在行動”主題實踐活動。2019年，婦聯(lián)組織啟動實施“家家幸福安康工程”，積極回應(yīng)廣大婦女和億萬家庭新時代的新需求，以小家庭的和諧共建大社會的和諧，推動形成家家幸福安康的生動局面。

Emphasizing the unique role of women in cultivating family virtues. China attaches importance to the unique role of women in promoting family virtues and establishing good family traditions. From the "Five-Virtue Family" selection activities carried out in urban and rural areas nationwide in the 1950s, to various family virtue cultivation activities, such as beautiful families, five-virtue families, green families, peaceful families, harmonious families, and civilized families, plenty of women actively participated in cultivating family virtues, promoted the development of family virtues such as the equality between men and women, harmony between husband and wife, respect for the elderly, and love for the children, advocated for a green, environmentally friendly and healthy lifestyle, made family a starting point for social peace and harmony, took advantage of model families' role in encouraging other families to emulate them, respect virtues and good deeds, and pursue a harmonious and happy life. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, more emphasis has been placed on the important role of family in passing on virtues, fostering family traditions, and strengthening moral education and cultivating people. In 2014, since the All-China Women's Federation organized the "Most Beautiful Family" campaign, the majority of women have participated actively in it, promoting the implementation of the core socialist values in families, passing on family education and family tradition to thousands of households, and supporting good social morality with good family tradition. By the end of 2018, a total of 485 million people had participated in the online and offline search for the "Most Beautiful Family" activities, and more than 3.8 million "Most Beautiful Families" at various levels had stood out. From 1997 to 2018, more than 8,800 households were commended as "Five-Virtue Families." Since the beginning of 2016, female workers at all levels of trade unions organized practical activities with the theme of "Cultivating Good Family Tradition – Female Employees in Action." In 2019, the All-China Women's Federation launched the implementation of the "Family Wellbeing Project", responding positively to the new needs of a great number of women and hundreds of millions of families in the new era, creating social harmony based on the harmony of small families, and promoting the formation of family happiness and wellbeing.

新時代家庭關(guān)系更加平等和睦文明。70年來，廣大婦女?dāng)[脫封建婚姻制度束縛，婚姻自主程度大幅提高，婚姻家庭關(guān)系中的主體意識和權(quán)利意識不斷增強(qiáng)?；橐黾彝ブ械男詣e平等狀況明顯改善，夫妻共同決策家庭事務(wù)漸成風(fēng)尚。第三期中國婦女社會地位調(diào)查顯示，70%以上婦女參與家庭重大事務(wù)決策，越來越多的婦女平等分享家庭資源，越來越多的夫妻共擔(dān)家務(wù)、平衡家庭和工作，男女兩性家務(wù)勞動時間差距逐步縮小。全社會促進(jìn)男女平等婚姻關(guān)系健康發(fā)展的法治意識不斷提升，尊老愛幼、男女平等、夫妻和睦、鄰里團(tuán)結(jié)的思想觀念更加深入人心。千千萬萬個家庭共同促進(jìn)家庭和睦、親人相愛、下一代健康成長、老年人老有所養(yǎng)，成為國家發(fā)展、民族進(jìn)步、社會和諧的重要基點。

Family relationship in the new era is more equal, harmonious, and civilized. In the past 70 years, a great number of women have been freed from the feudal marriage system, the degree of autonomy in marriage has been greatly improved, and the awareness of subject and rights in marriage and family relations has been continuously enhanced. Gender equality in marriage and family has improved markedly, and the joint decision-making of family affairs has become a trend. The third round of the Chinese Women's Social Status survey shows that more than 70% of women participate in the decision-making of family affairs, more and more women share family resources equally, more and more couples share housework, balance family and work, and the gap of time spent in housework between men and women has gradually narrowed. The awareness of rule of law in promoting the healthy development of equal marriage between men and women in the whole society has been continuously improved. The consciousness of respecting the elderly and loving the young, equality between men and women, harmony between husband and wife, and neighborhood unity has become more deeply rooted in people's hearts. Thousands upon thousands of families have jointly promoted family harmony, family love, the healthy growth of next generations, and elderly care, which has become the cornerstone for national development, people's progress, and social harmony.

九、婦女參與國際交流與合作日益廣泛

IX. Women Taking Part in Extensive International Exchanges and Cooperation Activities

中國高度重視開展婦女領(lǐng)域的國際交流與合作。大力支持婦女和以婦聯(lián)為代表的婦女組織積極同世界各國婦女交朋友、建友誼，互鑒學(xué)習(xí)、共促發(fā)展，中國婦女的“朋友圈”越來越大。黨的十八大以來，在推動構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體進(jìn)程中，中國婦女事業(yè)實現(xiàn)了引領(lǐng)全球婦女發(fā)展的歷史性飛躍，為世界婦女運(yùn)動貢獻(xiàn)了中國方案和中國力量。

China attaches great importance to international exchanges and cooperation in the field of women. We strongly support women and women's organizations represented by the All-China Women's Federation to actively make friends, build friendships, learn from each other, and promote common development with women around the world. Chinese women's "circle of friends" are constantly growing. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, in the process of promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, the Chinese women's cause has achieved a historic leap in leading the development of women worldwide, contributing Chinese plans and strength to women's movement across the globe.

積極參與和承辦國際會議，推動全球婦女發(fā)展。新中國成立之初，積極支持婦女組織參加國際民主婦聯(lián)、舉辦亞洲婦女代表會議，拉開婦女外交序幕。1975年、1980年和1985年，中國代表團(tuán)先后參加第一、第二、第三次世界婦女大會，參與文件制定，發(fā)出中國聲音。1995年，中國承辦聯(lián)合國第四次世界婦女大會，提出男女平等基本國策，為形成指導(dǎo)全球性別平等的綱領(lǐng)性文件《北京宣言》和《行動綱領(lǐng)》作出重要貢獻(xiàn)。2015年，在聯(lián)合國成立70周年、北京世界婦女大會20周年之際，中國與聯(lián)合國婦女署共同舉辦全球婦女峰會，140多個國家元首和政府首腦以及聯(lián)合國機(jī)構(gòu)、國際組織代表出席會議。中國國家主席習(xí)近平主持峰會并發(fā)表重要講話，深刻闡述了促進(jìn)男女平等和婦女全面發(fā)展的中國主張。峰會取得豐碩成果，為落實2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程注入了新動力，為全球婦女事業(yè)發(fā)展樹立了新的里程碑。

Actively participating in and hosting international conferences and promoting global women's development. When New China was first founded, China actively supported women's organizations to participate in the Women's International Democratic Federation, and held the All-Asian Women's Conference, ushering in a new chapter in women's diplomacy. In 1975, 1980 and 1985, the Chinese delegation attended the First, Second and Third World Conference on Women, participated in drafting documents, and sent out Chinese voices. In 1995, China hosted the Fourth UN World Conference on Women, and proposed a basic national policy of the equality between men and women, making an important contribution to formulating the Beijing Declaration and Program of Action, which played an instrumental role in global gender equality. In 2015, on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations and the 20th anniversary of the World Conference on Women in Beijing, China and the UN Women jointly organized the Global Summit of Women, which was attended by more than 140 heads of state and government, as well as representatives of UN agencies and international organizations. Chinese President Xi Jinping presided over the summit and delivered an important speech, profoundly expounding the Chinese proposition of promoting the equality between men and women and women's all-round development. The summit has achieved fruitful results and injected new vitality into the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, introducing a new milestone for the development of women's cause around the world.

認(rèn)真履行國際義務(wù)，體現(xiàn)大國責(zé)任擔(dān)當(dāng)。中國積極簽署和批準(zhǔn)聯(lián)合國性別平等領(lǐng)域國際文書，全力推動男女平等和婦女發(fā)展進(jìn)程。1980年簽署批準(zhǔn)《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》，認(rèn)真履行公約義務(wù)，按時提交履約報告，接受審議并落實委員會結(jié)論性意見。作為聯(lián)合國婦女地位委員會成員國和第四次世界婦女大會承辦國，連續(xù)頒布實施中國婦女發(fā)展綱要，積極落實《北京宣言》和《行動綱領(lǐng)》十二個關(guān)切領(lǐng)域的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，定期提交執(zhí)行情況國家報告。認(rèn)真落實聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)，提前完成減少極端貧困與饑餓、消除教育中的兩性差距、降低孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率等目標(biāo)任務(wù)。認(rèn)真落實2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程，在國別方案中將涉及婦女和女童權(quán)能目標(biāo)列為優(yōu)先事項，落實部門責(zé)任，在多項發(fā)展目標(biāo)上取得積極進(jìn)展。

Seriously fulfilling international obligations and reflecting the responsibility of a major country. China actively signs and ratifies the UN's international instruments in the field of gender equality and fully promotes gender equality and women's development progress. In 1980, it signed into law the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, earnestly fulfilled its obligations under the Convention, submitted a report on honoring responsibilities on time, received review and implemented the concluding observations of the committee. As a member of the UN Commission on the Status of Women and host of the Fourth World Conference on Women, China has successively promulgated and implemented the Outline of Chinese Women's Development, actively implemented the strategic objectives of 12 major areas of concern of the Beijing Declaration and the Program of Action, and regularly submitted national reports on duty fulfillment. It has also carefully implemented the UN Millennium Development Goals and accomplished tasks such as reducing extreme poverty and hunger, eliminating gender disparities in education, and reducing maternal mortality. China has seriously implemented the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, prioritized the empowerment of women and girls in country programs, honored ministerial and departmental responsibilities, and made positive progress on a number of development goals.

開展對話交流，促進(jìn)互鑒共享。中國高度重視支持婦女領(lǐng)域的對外交流。目前已與145個國家，429個婦女組織、機(jī)構(gòu)以及聯(lián)合國相關(guān)組織和專門機(jī)構(gòu)保持友好交往。中國快速發(fā)展為婦女和婦女組織開展國際交流開辟了廣闊空間，中國婦女與世界各國婦女的對話交流深度交融，友誼不斷加深，合作不斷加大。進(jìn)入新時代，全方位、寬領(lǐng)域、多層次的對外開放為婦女領(lǐng)域的國際交流提供了新機(jī)遇。在國家總體外交大局中，以婦聯(lián)組織為主導(dǎo)的中外婦女對話交流進(jìn)一步深化。在國家交流機(jī)制框架下，建立婦女人文交流機(jī)制，舉辦婦女文化周和婦女交流對話活動，與不同社會制度、文化背景和不同發(fā)展水平國家的婦女深入溝通，向世界介紹中國和中國婦女。在中非合作論壇、中國－阿拉伯國家合作論壇、亞太經(jīng)合組織、二十國集團(tuán)、上海合作組織框架下舉辦婦女論壇，支持二十國集團(tuán)婦女會議機(jī)制化建設(shè)，推動上海合作組織婦女論壇向機(jī)制化方向發(fā)展。進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)與周邊國家、發(fā)展中國家婦女和婦女組織的交流合作，增進(jìn)友誼互信。

Conducting dialogue and exchanges and promoting mutual learning and sharing. China attaches great importance to supporting foreign exchanges in the field of women. It has maintained friendly exchanges with 145 countries, 429 women's organizations, institutions and relevant UN organizations and special agencies. China's rapid development has opened up broad space for international exchanges between women and women's organizations. The dialogue and exchanges between Chinese women and women from all over the world are deepening and become more harmonious, friendship is strengthening, and cooperation is constantly increasing. Entering the new era, all-round, wide-ranging and multi-level opening up has provided new opportunities for international exchanges in the field of women. In the overall national diplomacy, the dialogue and exchanges between Chinese and foreign women led by the All-China Women's Federation are further deepening. Under the framework of the national exchange mechanism, a women's humanity exchange mechanism has been established, while organizing "Women's Cultural Week" and exchange activities enables women from different social systems, cultural backgrounds and countries with different levels of development to conduct deep and profound communication with each other and introduce China and Chinese women to the world. At the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), China-Arab States Cooperation Forum (CASCF), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Group of Twenty (G20), and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), China has hosted many women's conferences, supported the institutionalization of G20 Women's Conference, and promoted the development of SCO Women's Forum towards the direction of institutionalization. Further efforts have been made to strengthen exchanges and cooperation with neighboring countries, women and women's organizations in developing countries, and enhance mutual trust and friendship.

開展務(wù)實合作，推動共同發(fā)展。中國不斷加大多領(lǐng)域、全方位國際交流合作，積極促進(jìn)婦女健康、教育、經(jīng)濟(jì)、減貧、環(huán)境等領(lǐng)域發(fā)展。黨的十八大以來，持續(xù)開展婦女發(fā)展援助項目，支持和幫助廣大發(fā)展中國家婦女減少貧困、增加就業(yè)、改善民生。連續(xù)四年向聯(lián)合國婦女署捐款，為聯(lián)合國推動性別平等和促進(jìn)婦女發(fā)展提供支持。落實援助發(fā)展中國家婦女的承諾，2015－2020年幫助發(fā)展中國家實施100個“快樂校園工程”和100個“婦幼健康工程”，邀請3萬名婦女來華培訓(xùn)，在當(dāng)?shù)嘏嘤?xùn)10萬名女性職業(yè)技術(shù)人員。在13個國家建立中外婦女培訓(xùn)（交流）中心，向共建“一帶一路”國家提供小額物資援助，幫助當(dāng)?shù)貗D女改善生產(chǎn)生活條件，加強(qiáng)能力建設(shè)。2015年以來，全國婦聯(lián)為98個國家培訓(xùn)了2000多名婦女骨干。

Conducting pragmatic cooperation to promote common development. China has continuously increased multi-dimensional and all-round international exchanges and cooperation, and actively promoted the development of women's health, education, economy, poverty alleviation and the environment. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, women's development aid projects have been continuously implemented to support and help women in developing countries to reduce poverty, increase employment, and improve people's livelihood. China donated to UN Women for four consecutive years to support the UN in promoting gender equality and women's development. It has implemented the commitment to assisting women in developing countries, helping developing countries implement 100 "Happy Campus Projects" and 100 "Mother and Child Health Projects" from 2015 to 2020, inviting 30,000 women to train in China, and training 100,000 professional and technical women in their home countries. China also established Chinese and Foreign Women's Training (Communication) Centers in 13 countries, provided small-scale relief and assistance to countries along the Belt and Road Initiative, helping local women improve production and living conditions and strengthen capacity building. Since 2015, the All-China Women's Federation has trained more than 2,000 women in leading roles for 98 countries.

婦女在外交事務(wù)中的作用日益彰顯。婦女和婦女組織積極參與國際事務(wù)。1982年至今，中國代表九次當(dāng)選聯(lián)合國消除對婦女歧視委員會委員。中國是聯(lián)合國維和行動的主要出資國之一，是安理會常任理事國第一大出兵國，參加聯(lián)合國維和行動的婦女近千人。中國赴南蘇丹維和步兵營有一支女戰(zhàn)士組成的戰(zhàn)斗班，首位外派執(zhí)行維和任務(wù)的女指揮官毛屏被黎巴嫩政府授予“杰出女性獎”。國家外交領(lǐng)域活躍著一批女外交官，截至2018年10月，中國有女外交官2065人，占外交官總數(shù)的33.1%，其中女大使14人、女總領(lǐng)事21人、處級以上女參贊326人。婦女在外交事務(wù)中充分展示巾幗風(fēng)采，貢獻(xiàn)智慧和力量。

The role of women in foreign affairs is increasingly evident. Women and women's organizations are actively involved in international affairs. Since 1982, Chinese representatives have been elected to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women on nine occasions. China is one of the major funders of UN peacekeeping operations and the largest contributor of peacekeeping troops among the permanent members of the UN Security Council, and nearly 1,000 women participated in UN peacekeeping missions. China's peacekeeping battalion in South Sudan has a female warrior class. Mao Ping, the first female commander dispatched for an overseas peacekeeping mission, was awarded the "Outstanding Women Award" by the Lebanese government. A number of female diplomats are active in the field of national diplomacy. As of October 2018, there were 2,065 female diplomats in China, who accounted for 33.1% of the total number of diplomats, including 14 female ambassadors, 21 female consuls and 326 female counselors above the division level. Women have fully demonstrated their charms and contribute their wisdom and strength in foreign affairs.

結(jié)束語

Conclusion

婦女事業(yè)發(fā)展的每一步都推動了人類文明進(jìn)步。新中國成立70年來，中國婦女事業(yè)的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步成就輝煌。中國婦女事業(yè)的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步歷程，就是一部在中國共產(chǎn)黨的堅強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，億萬婦女為國家富強(qiáng)和民族振興砥礪前行的奮斗歷程，是婦女與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會同步發(fā)展的歷史進(jìn)程，是男女平等與社會文明進(jìn)步的融合過程，是中國婦女?dāng)y手全球婦女共建共享美好世界的文明進(jìn)程。

Every step of the development of women's cause has promoted the progress of human civilization. In the 70 years since New China was founded, Chinese women's cause has made brilliant development. The advance of Chinese women's cause is a course of struggle under the strong leadership of the CPC, where hundreds of millions of women fought for the prosperity of the country and the rejuvenation of the nation. It is a historical process where women, economy, and society made simultaneous accomplishments. It is an integration process for the equality between men and women, and social civilization and development. It is a civilization process in which Chinese women join hands with women around the world to build a beautiful world.

中國發(fā)展進(jìn)入了新時代。在更高水平上促進(jìn)男女平等和婦女全面發(fā)展，既面臨機(jī)遇，又任重道遠(yuǎn)。中國將在習(xí)近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想指引下，始終堅持在發(fā)展中保障和改善婦女民生，不忘初心，接續(xù)奮斗，促進(jìn)婦女全面發(fā)展，引領(lǐng)億萬婦女為實現(xiàn)“兩個一百年”奮斗目標(biāo)和中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國夢建功立業(yè)。

China's development has entered a new era. Promoting gender equality and women's overall development at a higher level not only meets opportunities, but also has a long way to go. Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China will always adhere to safeguarding and improving women's livelihood in development, remain true to the original aspiration and continue marching forward, promote women's all-round development, and lead hundreds of millions of women in contributing to the goals of "The Two Centenaries" and the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

中國愿與各國加強(qiáng)婦女領(lǐng)域交流合作，為推動構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體、建設(shè)更加美好的世界貢獻(xiàn)智慧和力量。

China is willing to strengthen exchanges and cooperation over women-related issues with all countries and contribute wisdom and strength to promoting the building of a community of a shared future for mankind and a better world.

（注：本文省略了原文中的圖表和專欄）

(Note: Charts and columns are omitted)

（來源：新華網(wǎng)）

(Source: Xinhua)