作者:王曉輝
曹雪芹不僅是一位偉大的文學(xué)家,還深通醫(yī)道。有研究者做過粗略統(tǒng)計(jì),《紅樓夢》中涉及疾病與醫(yī)藥的有六十六回,出現(xiàn)中醫(yī)藥和養(yǎng)生描寫的有二百九十多處,中醫(yī)術(shù)語一百六十多條,中藥一百二十幾種以及一百多種各科疾病。
說到《紅樓夢》里的藥和病,就不能不提到林黛玉?!靶谋缺雀啥嘁桓[,病如西子勝三分”,這位大小姐仿佛是帶著藥罐子來到這個(gè)世界的。
《紅樓夢》第三回,林黛玉初進(jìn)賈府。眾人見黛玉年貌雖小,其舉止言談不俗,身體面龐雖怯弱不勝,卻有一段自然的風(fēng)流態(tài)度,便知她有不足之癥。因問:“常服何藥,如何不急為療治?” 黛玉道:“我自來是如此,從會吃飲食時(shí)便吃藥,到今日未斷,請了多少名醫(yī)修方配藥,皆不見效?!缃襁€是吃人參養(yǎng)榮丸?!?/p>
這一段對話交代了林黛玉自幼體弱多病,也為后來故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展做了鋪墊,其中提到了一種病癥和一味中藥,“不足之癥”和“人參養(yǎng)榮丸”。
霍克斯教授是這樣翻譯的:
Everybody's attention now centered on Dai-yu. They observed that although she was still young, her speech and manner already showed unusual refinement. They also noticed the frail body which seemed scarcely strong enough to bear the weight of its clothes, but which yet had an inexpressible grace about it, and realizing that she must be suffering from some deficiency, asked her what medicine she took for it and why it was still not better.
"I have always been like this," said Dai-yu. "I have been taking medicine ever since I could eat and been looked at by ever so many well-known doctors, but it has never done me any good. ... I'm still taking Ginseng Tonic Pills."
查了一下“不足之癥”的翻譯,如果是先天不足,大都譯為be congenitally deficient,或者suffer from an inherent shortage,也可以簡單的表述為be born weak。如果籠統(tǒng)地說有不足之癥,則可以譯為have a poor constitution, 或如霍克斯那樣,譯成be suffering from some deficiency,更為準(zhǔn)確。
這一段文字屬于聊家常,還是比較容易處理的,到了第八十三回,黛玉病重,請來王太醫(yī)診治,診斷結(jié)論和所開處方就太專業(yè)了:
六脈弦遲,素由積郁。左寸無力,心氣已衰。關(guān)脈獨(dú)洪,肝邪偏旺。木氣不能疏達(dá),勢必上侵脾土,飲食無味;甚至勝所不勝,肺金定受其殃。氣不流精,凝而為痰;血隨氣涌,自然咳吐。理宜疏肝保肺,涵養(yǎng)心脾。雖有補(bǔ)劑,未可驟施。姑擬“黑逍遙”以開其先,后用“歸肺固金”以繼其后。不揣固陋,俟高明裁服。
我看了一遍,腦子一片混沌,別說英文了,就連中文也理解得云里霧里。好在我們有大師級的翻譯家,為我們提供了學(xué)習(xí)的范本。
楊憲益先生英譯:
The six pulses are tense and slow owning to pent-up grief. The feebleness of the left Tsun pulse shows debility of the heart. The strength of the Kuan pulse shows an over-heated liver. When the liver humour cannot disperse, it is bound to invade the spleen; causing loss of appetite and inevitably affecting the lungs too. The humours, failing to turn into vital force, will congeal as phlegm and agitate the blood, so that naturally there will be coughing.
The treatment should calm the liver, protect the lungs and strengthen the heart and spleen. But invigorants must not be rashly administered. I suggest starting off with thorowax boiled with turtle-blood, followed with medicine to soothe and strengthen the lungs. This is my humble proposal for your wise consideration.
楊先生不愧是大翻譯家,如此復(fù)雜且專業(yè)的文字都能如行云流水般的譯出。中醫(yī)將左右手的脈各分為寸脈、關(guān)脈和尺脈,合稱六脈,各自對應(yīng)心、肝、腎、肺、胃等器官。外國讀者只要大致明白中醫(yī)把脈分為六個(gè)部位,不同部位反映不同的身體狀況就行了。所以,楊先生采取了簡單的音譯方式,將左寸脈譯為left Tsun pulse,將關(guān)脈譯為Kuan pulse,這也是他一貫的風(fēng)格。至于“歸肺固金”,楊先生根據(jù)意思做了解釋性的翻譯:followed with medicine to soothe and strengthen the lungs(輔之以舒肺和補(bǔ)肺的藥物)。這種譯法,可能更便于外國讀者理解。
我猜想霍克斯一定會打破砂鍋問到底,找出書來一核對,果不其然,老先生將“左寸”和“關(guān)脈”分別譯為Left distal pulse和Left median pulse。用distal(末梢的)和median(中間的)來翻譯寸脈和關(guān)脈,如果沒有個(gè)經(jīng)絡(luò)圖作為參照,外國讀者還是會懵圈。以霍克斯教授的認(rèn)真態(tài)度,他必定會查閱資料甚至找專家請教,知道左關(guān)脈是管肝臟的,所以,特意把“關(guān)脈獨(dú)洪”中的“關(guān)脈”加上了一個(gè)“左”字,譯為Left median pulse。不論外國讀者懂不懂,能不能領(lǐng)會霍克斯的良苦用心,我們都要對他這種一絲不茍的態(tài)度表示敬意。
Pent-up emotion 是英文中常見的一個(gè)詞組,意思是“壓抑的情感”,稍作變化,用pent-up grief來翻譯“積郁”十分恰當(dāng)?!案涡捌本褪歉位疬^旺,“木氣”就是肝氣,楊先生譯為over-heated liver 和 liver humour(humour在這里是脾氣、精神狀態(tài)的意思)。肝屬木,霍克斯擔(dān)心外國讀者不懂,在liver后面用括號標(biāo)注上wood, 估計(jì)讀者會更加糊涂,可別誤以為中國人的肝都是木頭做的。
王太醫(yī)開了兩味藥,但似乎沒有寫全,估計(jì)是什么黑逍遙散和歸肺固金湯之類,所以沒辦法準(zhǔn)確翻譯成藥名。楊先生根據(jù)意思和后面王太醫(yī)對賈璉的解釋,將“黑逍遙”翻譯成thorowax boiled with turtle-blood(鱉血煮柴胡)有點(diǎn)兒令人費(fèi)解。黑逍遙散(丸)中的確有柴胡,但也有白芍、白術(shù)、茯苓和熟地等其它藥材。不過,讀者尤其是外國讀者不會在乎黑逍遙究竟是什么,即便是完整譯出藥方他們也不會照方抓藥。話又說回來,“鱉血煮柴胡”還是蠻有神秘感的。
霍克斯教授翻譯“黑逍遙”和“歸肺固金”時(shí)采用了意譯的方法,將“黑逍遙”譯成Black Ethereal Essence(黑色輕靈的精華),用拉丁文將“歸肺固金”譯為Elixir Pneumoferriferum,elixir是靈丹妙藥,pneumo是肺的意思,ferriferum是鐵或金屬,意思是“治療肺金的靈丹妙藥”(中醫(yī)認(rèn)為肺屬金)。學(xué)問太大,只能仰視了。
曹雪芹不僅自己深諳醫(yī)理,為了讓情節(jié)更加豐富生動,他還讓小說中的人物也略通針砭之道,薛寶釵就是典型的例子。在第四十五回中,寶釵知道黛玉日常服用人參養(yǎng)榮丸,遂勸道:“昨兒我看你那藥方上,人參、肉桂覺得太多了。雖說益氣補(bǔ)神,也不宜太熱,依我說,先以平肝養(yǎng)胃為要?!?這一番話,哪里像一個(gè)十七八歲的女孩兒說的,倒像是出自一位老中醫(yī)之口。還有一回,薛蟠的妻子夏金桂耍酒瘋,大吵大鬧,把薛姨媽氣得左肋疼痛,寶釵知道是肝氣上逆,便叫人去買了幾錢鉤藤來,濃濃的煎了一碗,給母親吃了。薛姨媽不知不覺地睡了一覺,肝氣也漸漸平復(fù)了。
更有意思的是,曹雪芹還通過薛寶釵之口,說出來當(dāng)時(shí)藥材造假之風(fēng)盛行的情況。
《紅樓夢》第七十七回,王熙鳳病重,王夫人命家人去買人參,寶釵道:“如今外頭買的人參都沒有好的。雖有一枝全的,他們也必截做兩三段,鑲嵌上蘆泡、須枝,摻勻了好賣,看不得粗細(xì)。我們鋪?zhàn)永锍:蛥⑿薪灰?,如今我去和媽說了,叫哥哥托個(gè)伙計(jì)去和參行商議說明,叫他們把未作的原枝好參兌二兩來?!?/p>
這一段話既表現(xiàn)了薛寶釵的精明,也揭露了參行的“潛規(guī)則”。
楊憲益先生的翻譯:
Pao-chai who was present put in, "One moment, aunt. There is no good ginseng to be bought outside. Whenever they get a whole root they cut it into two or three pieces, and graft other rootlets on to these to be sold, with others, as if they are whole roots; so the size is nothing to go by. Our shop often does business with those ginseng dealers. I can easily ask my mother to get my brother to send an assistant to approach one of them and buy two ounces of good whole roots."
Root的原意是“根”和“根莖”,在這里指整根的人參,而rootlets則是指人參的須子。在藥材市場上,人參的根須越完整,價(jià)格就越高。-let是個(gè)后綴,表示“小”,如booklet(小冊子),hamlet(小村子),boomlet(小規(guī)?;蚨虝旱姆睒s)。原文中的蘆泡其實(shí)就是人參頂部的那個(gè)小疙瘩,楊先生省略了這個(gè)詞的翻譯,無傷大雅?;艨怂菇淌谟胏rown(皇冠)來翻譯蘆泡,也十分生動形象。
讀《紅樓夢》,不僅僅可以學(xué)習(xí)詩詞歌賦之類的文學(xué)知識,更可以透過這部書,了解中國古代社會生活的方方面面,甚至連醫(yī)藥界的“黑幕”都被曹公通過寶釵之口劇透出來了。《紅樓夢》實(shí)在是一部精彩紛呈的百科全書。