作者:王曉輝
說到古琴,人們很自然地會(huì)聯(lián)想到俞伯牙和鐘子期的故事?!安郎乒那伲娮悠谏坡牎?,一曲《高山流水》,成就了千古知音的佳話。
佳話歸佳話,現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,知音還是少之又少?!都t樓夢(mèng)》第86回中,林黛玉給賈寶玉解釋了半天古琴,從琴譜到心境,從旨趣到指法,但寶玉好像也沒聽出個(gè)子午卯酉來(lái)。
難道說,林黛玉一個(gè)“知音”也沒有嗎?不是的,有一個(gè)人,不僅能欣賞她的琴,還能聽得懂她琴音中傳遞的心聲。這個(gè)人就是妙玉。妙玉在小說中戲份并不多,但卻在金陵十二釵正冊(cè)中排在第六位。很多研究紅學(xué)的人認(rèn)為她出身高貴,與賈家淵源深厚,甚至有可能是皇家血脈,因?qū)m廷斗爭(zhēng),寄養(yǎng)在賈府。脂硯齋點(diǎn)評(píng)妙玉時(shí)著意強(qiáng)調(diào),“妙卿身世非凡,心性高深”。既然是如此身世背景,必定受過良好的教育,因此精通音律也就不足為奇了。
《紅樓夢(mèng)》第87回,寶玉送妙玉回櫳翠庵,經(jīng)過瀟湘館,忽聽得叮咚的琴聲,原來(lái)是林黛玉正在撫琴。寶玉道:“咱們?nèi)タ此??!泵钣竦溃骸皬墓胖挥新犌?,再?zèng)]有看琴的?!?寶玉笑道:“我原說我是個(gè)俗人?!闭f著,二人走至瀟湘館外,在山子石上坐著靜聽,甚覺音調(diào)清切。只聽得低吟道:
風(fēng)蕭蕭兮秋氣深,美人千里兮獨(dú)沉吟。
望故鄉(xiāng)兮何處?倚欄桿兮涕沾襟。
歇了一回,聽得又吟道:
山迢迢兮水長(zhǎng),照軒窗兮明月光。
耿耿不寐兮銀河渺茫,羅衫怯怯兮風(fēng)露涼。
又歇了一歇。妙玉道:“剛才‘侵’字韻是第一疊,如今‘陽(yáng)’字韻是第二疊了。咱們?cè)俾牎!崩镞呌忠鞯溃?/p>
子之遭兮不自由,予之遇兮多煩憂。
之子與我兮心焉相投,思古人兮俾無(wú)尤。
妙玉道:“這又是一拍。何憂思之深也!”寶玉道:“我雖不懂得,但聽他聲音,也覺得過悲了。”里頭又調(diào)了一回弦。妙玉道:“君弦太高了,與無(wú)射律只怕不配呢。”
里邊又吟道:
人生斯世兮如輕塵,天上人間兮感夙因。
感夙因兮不可惙,素心如何天上月!
妙玉聽了,呀然失色道:“如何忽作變徵之聲?音韻可裂金石矣!只是太過?!睂氂竦溃骸疤^便怎么?”妙玉道:“恐不能持久?!闭h論時(shí),聽得君弦“蹦”的一聲斷了。妙玉站起來(lái),連忙就走。寶玉道:“怎么樣?”妙玉道:“日后自知,你也不必多說。”竟自走了。
閔福德(John Minford)的譯文:
They had now reached a rockery close to the Naiad's House. They sat down and listened in silence, touched by the poignancy of the melody. Then a murmuring voice began to chant:
'Autumn deepens, and with it
the wind's bitter moan.
My lover is far away;
I mourn alone.
Gazing in vain
For a glimpse of home,
I stand at my balcony.
Tears bedew my gown.’
After a brief pause, the chant began again:
'Hills and lakes melt
Into distant night.
Through my casement shines
the clear light
Of the moon
And the sleepless Milky Way.
My thin robe trembles
As wind and dew alight.'
There was another brief pause. Adamantina said to Bao-yu:
'The first stanza rhymed on "moan", the second on "night". I wonder how the next rhyme?'
The chant began again from within:
'Fate denies you freedom,
holds you bound;
Inflicting on me too
a heavy wound.
In closest harmony
Our hearts resound;
In contemplation of the Ancients
Is solace to be found.'
'That must be the end of the third stanza,' said Adamantina. 'How tragic it is!'
'I don't know anything about music,' said Bao-yu. 'But just from the way she sang, I found it terribly sad.'
There was another pause, and they heard Dai-yu tuning her Qin.
'That tonic B-flat of hers is too sharp for the scale,' commented Adamantina.
The chant began again:
'Alas! this particle of dust,
the human soul,
Is only playing out
a predetermined role.
Why grieve to watch
The Wheel of Karma turn?
A moonlike purity remains
My constant goal.'
As she listened, Adamantina turned pale with horror.
'Just listen to the way she suddenly uses a sharpened fourth there! Her intonation is enough to shatter bronze and stone! It's much too sharp!'
'What do you mean, too sharp?' asked Bao-yu.
'It will never take the strain.'
As they were talking, they heard a sudden twang and the tonic string snapped. Adamantina stood up at once and began to walk away.
'What is the matter?' asked Bao-yu.
'You will find out in time. Please don't say anything about this.'
She walked off, leaving Bao-yu in a state of great confusion.
賈寶玉不懂琴,所以他要進(jìn)去看林黛玉彈琴;妙玉深諳琴理,知道只有在一旁靜聽,才能更好地體會(huì)琴中的韻味,這是典型的“外行看熱鬧,內(nèi)行聽門道”。
在聽到林黛玉吟出第二疊后,妙玉立即說出“剛才‘侵’字韻是第一疊,如今‘陽(yáng)’字韻是第二疊了”,足見其對(duì)音律之敏感。但是,妙玉這句話翻譯起來(lái)難度可是相當(dāng)大的。閔福德是這樣翻譯的:The first stanza rhymed on "moan", the second on "night". I wonder how the next rhyme?
先說“疊”字的翻譯?!隘B”的意思是樂曲的重復(fù)演奏,如古曲《陽(yáng)關(guān)三疊》,因?yàn)橐磸?fù)吟唱三次故稱之為“三疊”?!癝tanza”在牛津字典中的解釋是a group of lines in a repeated pattern that form a unit in some types of poem,用來(lái)翻譯“疊”字,恰到好處。
但接下來(lái)的“‘侵’字韻”和“‘陽(yáng)’字韻”可就麻煩大了。中國(guó)古人作詩(shī)有嚴(yán)格的押韻要求,為了方便說某個(gè)韻,就選一個(gè)字為代表,如“侵”字代表和“侵”同韻的所有漢字的這個(gè)韻,“陽(yáng)”字韻也是如此??墒?,英語(yǔ)中沒有這種講究,無(wú)奈之下,閔福德只好先按英詩(shī)的?律翻譯,然后將譯詩(shī)中的第一個(gè)韻腳拿出來(lái),替代“侵”字和“陽(yáng)”字,于是,就成了the first stanza rhymed on "moan"(第一疊譯文中moan,alone,gown同韻),the second on "night"(第二疊譯文中night,light,alight 同韻)。這種靈活變通的譯法很容易為外國(guó)讀者所接受,但前提是詩(shī)歌的翻譯必須合轍押韻,所以,沒有相當(dāng)?shù)墓ακ亲霾坏降摹?/p>
聽完了黛玉彈奏的第三疊,妙玉道:“君弦太高了,與無(wú)射律只怕不配呢。”
什么是君弦呢?君弦是古琴最外面的一根,也稱一弦。君弦是定音高的,君弦高了,其它弦也會(huì)跟著高上去。中國(guó)古代音律分為十二律,奇數(shù)為陽(yáng)律,偶數(shù)為陰律,“無(wú)射”是六個(gè)陽(yáng)律的最后一個(gè),如果換算成西洋音樂的十二絕對(duì)音高的話,應(yīng)該是降B調(diào),英文是“B-flat”。所以,閔福德將這句話譯成:'That tonic B-flat of hers is too sharp for the scale,' commented Adamantina。
到了最后一段,也就是第四疊,林黛玉的心情愈加悲切,琴作“變徵之聲”,妙玉剛說出“只是太過,恐不能持久”,那君弦便“蹦”的一聲斷了。一般來(lái)說,君弦是最粗最結(jié)實(shí)的,由九九八十一根蠶絲編成,以林黛玉的纖纖玉指,很難彈斷。作者之所以寫君弦崩斷,更多地是用來(lái)暗示林黛玉的命運(yùn)。妙玉所說的“變徵之聲”是出自《史記·刺客列傳》的一個(gè)成語(yǔ),意思是聲音高亢悲壯。“徵”是中國(guó)古代五個(gè)音階(宮、商、角、徵、羽)中的第四個(gè),徵調(diào)變化,聲音悲壯。閔福德將“變徵之聲”譯為sharpened fourth(拔高了的第四個(gè)音階),將“君弦”譯為tonic string(主音之弦),很值得我們認(rèn)真體會(huì)。
《紅樓夢(mèng)》中有太多的中國(guó)文化的特殊表達(dá),連我們中國(guó)人自己也未必能領(lǐng)悟到位,而霍克斯和閔福德卻能優(yōu)雅準(zhǔn)確地用英文呈現(xiàn)給外國(guó)讀者,殊為不易。他們的翻譯有如此成就,除了母語(yǔ)優(yōu)勢(shì)、漢學(xué)功底、博學(xué)勤奮之外,虛心求教也是他們?nèi)〉贸晒Φ闹匾蛑弧ih福德在《紅樓夢(mèng)》英譯本(The Story of the Stone)第四冊(cè)前言中提到,他曾向多位專家請(qǐng)教關(guān)于占卜、圍棋和音樂等方面的專業(yè)詞匯,幫助過他的人中甚至還包括楊憲益和吳世昌這樣的翻譯和文化大家。(I am grateful to Professor Ting Su of Los Angeles for helping me with fortune-telling; to Professor Matsudaira Chiaki of Kyoto University, and Professor Kakei Fumio of Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, for help with Go terminology; to Dr Laurence Picken for help with musical terminology... Since my arrival in China, I have been greatly helped by Professor Yang Xianyi and Wu Shichang.)
“轉(zhuǎn)益多師是汝師”。大師級(jí)人物尚能如此,我等后學(xué)晚輩,更應(yīng)勤學(xué)多問,無(wú)負(fù)今日。