Human Rights and Liberalization of Judicial and
Legal?System in Uzbekistan
-- BY Professor A. SAIDOV, Director of the National Human Rights
Centre of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Introduction
The today's Uzbekistan with its 25 million populations
geographically and politically presents the basis of Central Asia.
One of the most ancient civilizations in the world was born in this
region. The great Silk Road passed through its territory in the
past. The history of my nation is deeply rooted in the centuries
and counts more than 3 thousand years. From the ancient times such
cities as Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, Termez are well
known in the world and their links were spread from China to Spain
and from Europe to Indian Ocean.
Uzbekistan declared its independence and entered the period of
revival of its cultural, intellectual and legal wealth, as well as
democratic reforms in the economic, political and social
fields.
Uzbekistan developed its own way of reforming the society and
its own model of transition from authoritarian rule to democratic
society and determined the concrete directions of state activity in
sphere of guaranteeing and protection of Human Rights.
In March 1992 Uzbekistan became the member of UN. Since that
time the multilateral cooperation with different UN Human Rights
instruments began.
Uzbekistan, as a Member State of the United Nations, makes every
effort to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms
and conscientiously fulfils the obligations it has undertaken under
the various international instruments in this field.
INDEPENDENCE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
First of all, I would like to attract your attention to the
three moments, which characterize the contemporary situation of
human rights in Uzbekistan.
First moment, Uzbekistan is an ancient land with centuries old
civilization which is characterized by ethnic, religious, racial,
cultural and multilingual tolerance. Rights and fundamental
freedoms of more than 100 nations and 14 religious confessions are
observed in the country. Not a single case of interethnic or
interreligious conflict arose during the years of independence.
Despite the difficulties of the transitional period and
geopolitical characteristics of the volatile region, Uzbekistan
managed to keep political stability, interethnic harmony and
sustainable development that create necessary conditions for the
protection and promotion of human rights.
Second moment, legislative and institutional systems of
protecting human rights were set up in a short historical period in
Uzbekistan. International standards on human rights are being
implemented into the national legislation. National institutions in
the field of human rights such as Authorized person of the
parliament for human rights (Ombudsman), National Human Rights
Centre and more than 5000 nongovernmental organizations are
functioning.
Third moment, Uzbekistan ratified more than 60 international
human rights instruments and consequently fulfilling its
obligations in good faith, and maintains close cooperation with the
UN's charter and treaty bodies special procedures and mechanisms.
In short, protection and promotion of human rights have become
priority in domestic as well as in foreign policy.
In the years of independence Uzbekistan fulfills the following
in the sphere of human rights:
The first. Legislative foundation in the sphere of human rights
protection has been created for a short historical period in
Uzbekistan. Parliament has adopted over three hundred laws on human
rights and fundamental freedoms. The last years, a new edition of
the Law about Ombudsman to expand powers of Parliamentary Ombudsman
was adopted; Laws on public funds and elections of chairpersons of
self-governance institutions of citizens were passed.
The second. By implementing the Vienna Declaration and Program
of Actions the system of national institutions for human rights
protection has been established. Alongside with traditional
law-enforcement system, including court, legal profession,
prosecutors office, there functioning such national institutions on
human rights, as parliamentary Ombudsman, Constitutional court,
National Centre for Human Rights, Institute for monitoring the
current legislation, Special Department on human rights under the
Ministry of Justice, interdepartmental commissions and groups.
The third. Uzbekistan has created the educational system in the
sphere of human rights within the framework of the United Nations
decade in the field of human rights education. Special courses
entitled to "Human Rights" have been introduced at all schools and
universities.
The topic on human rights protection is included into the
program on the improvement of professional skills of officers of
law-enforcement bodies (judges, lawyers, police, offices of
prosecutors). The National Program for raising the legal culture
level of the society is successfully being implemented.
The forth. Wide information - educational activity in the sphere
of human rights is being conducted within the framework of the UN
World Campaign on Public Information in the field of human rights,
for example, more than hundred basic international legal documents
on human rights have been translated into Uzbek language and
published in big circulations. More than thirty juridical
newspapers and magazines on human rights protection issues are
being published. All mass-media pay special attention to issues of
protection of human rights.
The fifth. Based on the rule of law our country established the
system of working with complaints on illegal activities of state
officials, which includes institutional legal mechanism.
COOPERATION WITH UN TREATY BODIES
Uzbekistan?? is?? a??
party?? to???six? major??
international?? human?? rights instruments,
namely: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against Women, the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Uzbekistan has submitted to the treaty bodies on abovementioned
instruments?? 18 national?? reports??
on?? compliance?? with??
its?? international obligations.
Until present the treaty bodies have already considered many of
those reports. For example, in 2005 the Human Rights Committee
considered second national periodic report and Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights examined initial report of
Uzbekistan.
During very recent period from February to August 2006 only the
Committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination considered third,
fourth and fifth reports; the Committee on the Rights of the Child
- second periodic report; the Committee on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination Against Women - second periodic report.
Uzbekistan has introduced an effective mechanism of
implementation of concluding observations and recommendations of
the international treaty bodies, namely national plan of actions
(NPD). NPDs of Uzbekistan are now widely recognized by many treaty
bodies as an effective tool to follow-up their recommendations in
the country.
In order to fulfill its international obligations under the
above instruments Uzbekistan has adopted more than 300 laws
governing human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Uzbekistan is working closely with the Office of the United
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). In connection
with visits to Central Asia in 2002 and 2004, experts from the
Office traveled to Uzbekistan, where they met with representatives
of various government institutions.
Uzbekistan is involved in the OHCHR's regional project to
provide technical assistance in the area of human rights for
Central Asian countries, which began to be implemented in 2004,
Moreover, Uzbekistan has promptly responded to all communications
or queries received from the Office concerning various human rights
issues.
Uzbekistan is also cooperating with the special procedures and
mechanisms and punctually sends replies to its communications on
various issues concerning Uzbek nationals and the human rights
situation in the country.
LIBERALIZATION OF JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEM
Uzbekistan introduced a completely new concept of judicial
system.
In the field of criminal proceedings the following significant
measures were taken to maintain the real independence of
courts:
1. specialization of courts on criminal, civil and economic
cases;
2. establishment of institutes of appeal and cassation for
consideration of judicial cases;
3. the law reduced periods of investigation and detention of
people, rigid terms for legal proceeding in the courts was
established;
4. introduction of democratic legal mechanism for formation of the
corpus of judges;
5. functioning of the Department on execution of court judgements,
and courts are exempted from functions unusual for them;
6. ensuring the principle of competitiveness, which means equality
of the rights of public prosecutors and advocates.
In the field of criminal and penal legislation:
1. classification of crimes was completely changed, structure of
criminal offences falling under a category of less heavy crimes and
crimes not causing social dangers is essentially expanded. As a
result of such approach only for last 2.5 years about five thousand
persons who have committed offences not causing big social danger,
have not been imprisoned and have contributed material
compensations of more than 11 billion sums;
2. conditions for serving the punishment in places of
deprivation of liberty are improved: regime and conditions of
confinement in colonies were softened. As a result a share of
persons who are serving punishments in colonies -- settlements has
increased from 7% in 1990 up to 21percent of persons confined in
penal institutions in present;
3. increase of clauses, which provide a right of parole. Today
by quantity of prisoners (34 thousand persons) on per capita basis
Uzbekistan holds best, i.e. last place among the CIS countries. In
other words, in Uzbekistan the quantity of prisoners for every
hundred thousand people makes up one hundred and fifty eight
persons;
4. institute of reconciliation was introduced into the
legislation as a form of administration of justice. Enforcement of
this institute has enabled to release from the criminal liability
over twenty six thousand persons.
The major directions for further liberalization of judicial
system were presented in the statement of Islam Karimov, the Uzbek
President, during the joint session of the two-chamber parliament
of Uzbekistan in January 2005.
Two historical steps were taken within the framework of the
liberalization of the judicial system in the beginning of August
2005 year. Here we speak of two Presidential Decrees.
First -- strengthening the judicial review of preliminary
investigation processes and pre-trial proceedings. A Presidential
Decree has been adopted on 8 August 2005, which introduces the
institute of habeas corpus, i.e. transfer of legal proceedings for
issuing sanctions on detention, arrest, and also application of
other measures of remedial compulsion to courts.
Second? -- exclusion of death penalty from the system of
punishment. First of all, it is necessary to specify that in
Uzbekistan death penalty is not applied against women, minors and
persons aged 60 and over. The death penalty is to be abolished in
Uzbekistan, starting from 1 January 2008 instead of just moratorium
declaration on capital punishment execution.
INTRODUCTION OF THE HABEAS CORPUS INSTITUTE
The most important task of judicial and legal reforms being
carried out in Uzbekistan is to ensure the effective protection of
the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, first of all,
[their] rights to protection against groundless criminal
prosecution and interference in his or her private life, and
personal immunity, as well as rights to an impartial court
hearing.
Considerable work has recently been done in the following areas:
ensuring that the law-enforcement bodies act in line with the law;
strengthening the judiciary's role as the most important guarantee
of the effective protection of human rights; ensuring the true
independence of courts; and boosting their role in building a
democratic and law-governed state and a strong civil society.
Specialization of courts on criminal, civil and economic cases
is fixed legislatively, which has provided for the increase of
claims consideration quality, has strengthened guarantees of human
rights and freedoms protection. Appeal order of case consideration
was introduced, and it serves as a prior guarantee of timely
correction of court mistakes, non-admission of red tape in legal
proceedings. Cassation instance was reformed: citizens now have
opportunity to protect personally and directly their rights in this
instance in case of disagreement with the court decision that came
into legitimate effect. Legal mechanisms were created, ensuring
equality of the rights for protection and prosecution in legal
process, realization of their competition principle.
The terms of preliminary investigation were reduced from two years
to 12 moths, holding in custody - from 18 to 9 months, and in
exceptional case - to 12 moths. The sphere of application of this
preventive punishment was limited as well. These measures on
liberalization of the national legislation, law application
practice have provided for the increase of efficiency and quality
of pre-court investigation, jurisdiction, expansion of procedural
guarantees of observing the rights of court process participants.
As an evidence of liberalization of pre-court investigation taking
place in the country, usage of such preventive punishment as
holding in custody has decreased more than two times during the
past four years.
The most important task of further liberalizing the judicial and
legal system is to grant courts more powers in effectively
protecting human rights at the stage of pre-trial investigations
and, above all, to transfer the right to issue arrest warrants from
the prosecution bodies to the courts. This measure will make it
possible to considerably improve the effectiveness of the
protection of the constitutional rights to freedom and personal
immunity. At the same time, this is in full accordance with the
Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan and universal principles
and norms of international law, which stipulate that rights and
freedoms of individuals are indisputable and that no-one has the
right to deprive somebody of these rights or limit them outside the
courts.
At the same time, the right to issue arrest warrants should be
systematically delegated to courts after the following: close
analysis and introduction of the necessary amendments and addenda
to the Criminal Procedural and Criminal Executive Codes of the
Republic of Uzbekistan and other acts of legislation; study of
foreign expertise in this area; development of organizational,
legal and procedural mechanisms for courts to exercise the right to
issue arrest warrants; provision of the necessary training and
retraining for judicial and law-enforcement personnel; and
execution of other preparatory measures.
With the aim of further liberalizing the judicial and legal
system and ensuring the gradual and systematic transfer of the
right to sanction the application of measures related to
restricting the constitutional rights and freedoms, and in line
with Articles 19, 25 and 44 of the Constitution of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, which define the citizens' rights to judicial
protection:
First. The right to issue sanctions to arrest those suspected or
accused of committing a crime shall be delegated to the courts as
from?January 1, 2008.
It should be established that imprisonment should be carried out
only in exceptional cases, when the application of other measures
of restriction stipulated by the law is ineffective, and that it
should be carried out only under a ruling by a criminal court or
military court within their powers.
Second. Justice Ministry, Supreme Court, General Prosecutor's
Office, Interior Ministry and National Security Service of
Uzbekistan have three months to prepare proposals on introducing
amendments and addenda to the Criminal Procedural and Criminal
Executive Codes of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and to the Uzbek
laws "On courts" and "On prosecutor's offices", [amendments and
addenda] which regulate the procedure for sanctioning imprisonment
and extending custody terms, and which envisage additional
guarantees for the observance of the constitutional rights and
freedoms of citizens and for ensuring their immunity at the
pre-trial stage.
At the same time, not only laws and regulations but also the
norms and normative acts envisaged by departmental legal documents
are to be reconsidered in line with Clause 1 of the decree.
ABOLITION OF DEATH PENALTY
The most important objective of reforming the legal system of
the Republic of Uzbekistan is a gradual stepwise liberalization of
criminal, criminal procedural legislation, and the penitentiary
system.?????????
Democratic changes in penal policy and law enforcing practice
have been positively impacting the social-political and the
criminal situation in the country.
The most important direction of liberalization processes in
legal system, and criminal punishment, undertaken in the Republic
of Uzbekistan, was the gradual narrowing of the sphere of
application of death penalty. For the last ten years the number of
crimes for which the death penalty was envisaged has been decreased
from 33 to 2. In other words, at the moment death penalty is
applied only for two crimes? --the premeditated murder with
aggravating circumstances and acts of terrorism. Along these lines,
Uzbekistan is committed to solve this matter from the very first
days of independence.
What needs to be emphasized is that the application of the death
penalty is banned in Uzbekistan -- first, to those who have not
reached the age of puberty, second-women, and third- persons above
60 years of age.
Speaking in numbers, the number of crimes to which the death
penalty can be applied, makes up less than one percent of the
criminally prosecuted acts in the criminal legislation of the
Uzbekistan.
The current penal policy of the state in the area of the capital
punishment application is fully in accordance with the world
tendency and reflects the principles of humanism and justice, as
declared by the Constitution of the country.
In this context it should be noted that we are not speaking of a
moratorium for death penalty, as it is practiced in certain states,
when a sentenced person waits for execution for years but of its
absolute abolition.
At present numerous legislative, informational, educational,
organizational and preparatory works aiming at the absolute
abolition have been launched in three directions.
Firstly, amendments related to abolition of death penalty and
the introduction of life imprisonment or long term sentences will
be prepared and adopted to three Codes: the Criminal, the
Criminal-Procedural and Penitentiary.
Secondly, the abolition of capital punishment shall call forth
the broad informational works among the population to strengthen
public perception on the necessity to abolish death penalty. As
annual social surveys that are carried out by the nongovernmental
public opinion centre indicate the population of the country is
against abolishing the death penalty.
Thirdly, we need to undertake entire range of organizational and
preparatory works with regard to building complexes and facilities,
creating the necessary conditions to place the persons, whom the
capital punishment has been substituted to life, or long term
imprisonment, and train personnel to work at these facilities.
This is why we need more than two years in order to abolish the
death penalty completely. Therefore, the death penalty is being
abolished starting from January 1st 2008.?
Total abolishment of the death penalty as a type of criminal
punishment will be in line with the universally accepted principles
and norms of international law and the provisions of the
Constitution of Uzbekistan, which stipulates and enshrine the right
of person to life.
PREVENTION OF TORTURE
We pay considerable attention to fulfill our obligations within
the framework of Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Our efforts are
carried out in accordance with basic principles and measures
developed by the Committee against Torture in its General Comments
and Concluding Remarks on the results of our two reports and
recommendations of Mr. Theo van Boven, the Special Rapporteur on
Torture as well.?
In order to fulfill its obligations on the realization of the
provisions of the Convention against Torture and the
recommendations of the Committee against Torture as well as that of
Special Rapporteur, the following are being accomplished
gradually:
First, more than 300 laws on human rights and fundamental
freedoms were adopted by parliament in a short historical period.
Only during the last years in line with the Article 1 of the
Convention against Torture an article containing the notion of
"torture" was introduced into the Criminal Code, new edition of the
law on Ombudsman aim at broadening the power of parliamentary
ombudsman, law on public funds and law on the election of the
representative of citizens' self-governing bodies were adopted.
The Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan has adopted a
definition of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment.
The prohibition of the use of torture, enshrined in national
legislation is absolute and admits no exceptions. Persons charged
with the use of torture are prosecuted in accordance with the law.
To date, 15 law enforcement officers have been sentenced under
article 235 (on the use of torture and other cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment) of the Criminal Code of the Republic of
Uzbekistan.
Second, third National Report on the realization of the
provisions of the Convention against Torture was submitted to the
Committee against Torture on April. More than 20 government and
nongovernmental organizations actively took part in the preparation
process of the National Report.
Third, on May 2004 Government of the Uzbekistan adopted Program
directed against the use of torture on the basis of the Convention,
which includes Special Rapporteur's all 22 recommendations. So far
20 recommendations were implemented completely.
Uzbekistan has been always demonstrating its willingness to
corporate with all instrumental human rights bodies, including
Committee against Torture and Special Rapporteur on the question of
torture.
Thus, significant steps have been taken and continued in order
to prevent the cases of torture.
HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION
Construction of a democratic state, where the rule-of-law would
prevail, considerably depends on the organizational level of human
rights education. The idea given by the United Nations that
education is the basis for democracy, speaks of significant burden
shared by schools, universities, as well as teachers and lecturers
to carry out such task.
Human rights education is considered as one of the main
fundamental rights of a human. In the light of the following, human
rights education is of great importance:
firstly, observance, protection and promotion of human
rights;
secondly, minimization of human rights violations;
thirdly, creation of an effective mechanism for prevention and
monitoring human rights violations;
fourthly, formation of universal human rights culture.
Teaching the human rights -- is an important integral part of
school education. As it is emphasized by H.E. Islam Karimov, the
President of Uzbekistan, "It is important to form new values and
sets in people's minds in the context of human rights observance
and thus to create a culture, directed to develop respect for human
rights and their observance on national level. Person's knowledge
of his own rights and obligations should become a prerequisite for
realization of constitutional guarantees of human rights".
Modern Uzbekistan -- is the country with high level of literacy
and huge scientific and intellectual potential. Education is being
provided in seven languages. System of continuous human rights
education has been created in the country.
By realizing the Vienna Convention and the Program of Actions,
as well as United Nation's other fundamental human rights
Documents, Uzbekistan pays a significant attention to human rights
education. The Parliament of the country has adopted two National
Programs in this direction:
the first -- The National Program for Cadres Training;
the second -- The National Program for Raising the Level of
Society's Legal Culture;
Thus, human rights education is a priority direction of
educational policy of the Uzbek Government.
At present continuous and complex educational system concerning
human rights has been created in Uzbekistan. The special 'Human
Rights' academic module is being taught at all the schools and
universities.
Human rights are taught in Uzbekistan in three directions:
The first direction. Human rights are taught in the framework of
teaching the Uzbek Constitution, during which a significant
attention is paid to the constitutional rights, freedoms and
obligations of citizens, as well as the system of national human
rights institutions.
The second direction. Human rights are taught in the framework
of the 'Fundamentals of State and Law' academic module at higher
levels of school education, during which a significant attention is
paid to legal aspects of realization of human rights and
freedoms.
The third direction. Human rights are taught in the framework of
the special Human Rights' academic module. The main purpose of this
'Human Rights' course -- is to research the problems of human
rights and freedoms from a wide angle view.
Such wide-embracing and systematic approach to human rights
education at the schools of the country is in line with obligations
of the Republic of Uzbekistan before the international community
that had declared the Universal Program on Human Rights
Education.
The main tasks of the Human Rights' school module are:
the first -- to provide pupils with knowledge on human
rights;
the second -- to strengthen the pupils respect for people, their
rights, pride and dignity;
the third -- to develop ability and skills to protect rights and
freedoms from various illicit actions independently.
Thus, the Human Rights' academic module aims to demonstrate to
pupils that human rights and freedoms -- are complex and
multi-angle phenomenon, result of the long legal development
history of mankind and his the most high social value. Human rights
reflect vital needs for development of a person, frames for his
freedom and responsibility. The pupils should get familiar with
interrelation between 'Rights' and 'Law', 'rights of a human' and
'rights of a citizen', 'rights' and 'obligations'.
The major aim of human rights education in Uzbekistan -- are to
form the pupils' human rights culture, to bring them up to respect
human rights and freedoms.
Wide academic and methodological as well as informational and
educational activities are being carried out among teachers and
pupils of schools in framework of teaching the 'Human Rights'
course. Thus, relevant textbooks and curriculums were elaborated
and published for the 'Human rights' course. The Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the
Child, as well as other international human rights treaties were
translated and published in the Uzbek language. All the mass-media
pay significant attention to issues of human rights protection,
including protection of the rights of the child. There is a
successfully functioning school-parliament in Uzbekistan.
We would like to stress on the need for joint elaboration with
UNESCO of the International Declaration on Human Rights Education.
Human rights education should become an integral part of the United
Nations' general strategy: "Education for all".
We once again would like to note the necessity of joint
elaboration with UNESCO and approval of an International
Declaration on Human Rights Education. Human Rights Education
should become an integral part of the general strategy of the
United Nations: "Education for All". Therefore, Uzbekistan supports
the realization of the World Program on Human Rights.
Finally, once again we would like to state our commitments to
the universally recognized principles and norms of the
international human rights law, consistently to implement our
international obligations in this area and to deepen cooperation
with all the international organizations.
NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS CENTRE OF THE REPUBLIC OF
UZBEKISTAN AT GLANCE
The National Human Rights centre of the Republic of Uzbekistan
was established 10 years ago in accordance with the Vienna
Declaration and Program of Action. The Centre carries out its
activity in line with the Paris Principles on National Human Rights
Institutions.
Centre's main purposes are - elaboration and implementation of
the National Programme of Action on Human Rights.
Priority functions:
First, The Centre produces National Reports on human rights
observance in the Republic of Uzbekistan and submits them to
international organizations. Besides, the Centre keeps monitoring
of the realization.
Till present 18 National Reports on the implementation of the 6
UN major human rights instruments have been produced and submitted
to the treaty bodies. The Centre is a major partner in Uzbekistan
for the UN treaty bodies.
The Centre pays a great attention to information received form
NGOs in producing National Reports alongside with information
provided by other organizations.
Second, elaboration of National Action Plans and National
Programmes on human rights.
Thus, till present the Centre has produced National Action Plans
concerning the recommendations of the six UN's treaty bodies and
the recommendations of the Special Rapporteur Mr. Theo van
Boven.
Third, preparation of recommendations for state bodies on
improving their activities in the sphere of observance and
protection of human rights.
Fourth, provision of consultative services to state bodies, NGOs
and citizens as well regarding human rights issues.
Fifth, the Centre actively participates in legislation
process.
Thus, the following laws have been drafted with the
participation of the Centre:
a) The Law on Ombudsman;
b) The Law Court Executors;
c) The Law on the Execution of Judicial Acts;
d)? The Law on Amendments to the Criminal, Criminal
Procedural, and Penitentiary Codes;
e) the Law on Mass-Media;
f) The Law on Nongovernmental Organizations;
g) The Law on the social protection of orphans and children without
parental tutelage;
h) The Law on Public Funds;
i) The Law on Guaranties on Childs Rights;
j) The Law on Gender Equality and etc.
???? Sixth, the Centre carries out an enormous
informational work:
* Makes educational TV and radio programs;
* Produces textbooks, leaflets, posters;
* Organizes round-tables, seminars, conferences various human
rights issues;
* Publication of journals.
As it was noted above, the centre publishes two popular
journals- "Democratization and Human Rights" and "Public Opinion.
Human Rights". Journals are published in three languages - Uzbek,
Russian and English? and their main purposes are 1)
dissemination of education in the field of human rights; 2)
enhancement of legal culture of the employees of state bodies and
population on the issues concerning human rights.
The great importance is attached to translation of international
human rights instruments into the Uzbek language, as well as to
their circulation. Thus, at present we have got 7 popular
compilations published in Uzbek, in which over 100 international
human rights instruments included.
Hence, during the 10 years of its existence Centre has achieved
considerable results that are of invaluable practical importance.
Furthermore, Centre is in an active cooperation with the
representatives and organizations around the Globe.?
CONCLUSION
Thus, never will be overemphasized the importance of assessing
the human rights achievements of the Republic of Uzbekistan from
the perspective of what has already been done to build the real
democracy.
Certainly, Uzbekistan is presented with challenges of the
building of democracy. These challenges are largely objective --
economic difficulties, necessity of maintaining national security,
peace and stability in the country.
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