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翻譯學(xué)叢:翻譯與工具書

       有時(shí),詞典對(duì)某些詞匯的釋義有差異,因而產(chǎn)生迷惑。而根據(jù)英英詞典而成的英漢字典,則可能使之雪上加霜。以bilingual一詞為例:

       《新英漢詞典》:(1) 兩種語言的,用兩種語言寫(?。┑模?2) 使用兩種語言的。

       《英華大詞典》:(1) 兩國(guó)語言的;(2) 能講兩國(guó)話的;(3) 用兩種語言書寫(印刷)的。

       Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: able to speak two languages equally well.

       Webster's New World Dictionary: 1 of or in two languages 2 using or capable of using two languages, esp. with equal or nearly equal facility.

       四本工具書中的釋義之別,不難察之。簡(jiǎn)單如"The renowned IT giant needs bilingual engineers",若查閱以上四部詞典,則差別大矣。

       四、不可迷信一部詞典

       一部工具書,不論如何優(yōu)秀,總有掩瑜之瑕。因此,不可一部工具書包打天下。查閱不同的工具書,往往可以相互補(bǔ)充,有助于翻譯工作。

       如call into question,在Contemporary Oxford Dictionary和Longman Dictionary of Contemporary中只有call in question;在Webster's New World Dictionary,有call into question: to raise a question or doubt about一解;而在The Random House College Dictionary中,更有call in or into question: to dispute, challenge之注。此短語之意,得之。

       對(duì)于專業(yè)性詞匯,不同工具書中釋義的“專業(yè)”程度迥異。如jack-knife,《新英漢詞典》:(跳入水中前彎身的) 一種跳水法;《英華大詞典》:軀體跳水法;《英漢大詞典》:(體)屈體跳水,鐮刀式跳水。

       工具書形形色色,信手查閱,往往有所得。如This is the most wonderful and most exciting picture ever made; … more expensive than Chu Chin Chow, more beautiful than Romeo and Juliet一句中,Remeo and Juliet出自莎翁名劇,眾所周知;然Chu Chin Chow何許人也?譯界前輩董樂山在《英漢美國(guó)社會(huì)小詞典》中有注:Chun Chin Chow為《朱清周》,乃英國(guó)人諾頓(Frederick Norton)根據(jù)阿里巴巴故事所編歌舞劇,假托中國(guó)人名。該劇1916年在倫敦上演,連續(xù)兩千多場(chǎng),轟動(dòng)一時(shí)。時(shí)有"One night before departing back to his estates, Julius, without previous warning, had invited Mrs. Baxter to the theatre to see the popular musical comedy of that year called Chun Chin Chow."為證。

       五、不妨偶爾放棄字典

       隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、科技的飛速發(fā)展,新領(lǐng)域、新事物不斷展開,新的詞匯層出不窮。因此,在翻譯某些前沿文章時(shí),往往有捉襟見肘、力不從心之感。

       黑人英語。"Tha nigger son of you is erroun here somewheres n we aim t find him.Ef yuh tell us where he is n ef he talks mabbe he'll get off easy."一句,如同天書一般。而用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語表達(dá)"That nigger son of yours is around here somewhere and we aim to find him. If you tell us where he is and if he talks maybe he'll get off easy."則容易理解得多。原句中的Tha, erroun, Ef, mabbe.…在詞典中無法查出。

       合成詞。如"The lady is now suffering from haptephobia."一句中,haptephobia是何病癥?遍查諸多英漢詞典而不得。沉下來分析,haptic(觸覺的)+ phobia(對(duì)……恐懼),似乎“觸覺恐懼癥”順理成章。

       變體詞。"Camelon which may be the best known of all animals that change colors rapidly."中,Cameleon是Chameleons的變體,而一般詞典不會(huì)收入。

       外來詞。作為一種開放性語言,英語接受不少外來詞,法語、德語、西班牙語、中文等。因此,若出現(xiàn)既非新詞,又非土語、變體詞、合成詞時(shí),則很可能為外來詞。那么,不妨放下英語字典,而求助于其他語種的專家或工具書。

       總之,工具書對(duì)于翻譯,意義不可謂不大。不過,只有語言才是溝通的媒介,而獨(dú)立的字、詞、短語只有在句子中、文章中才有意義。因此,翻譯中,除多查工具書外,更多的是依據(jù)上下文而求得真譯。

       (來源:隨你譯)

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