《2012年中國人權(quán)事業(yè)的進(jìn)展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2012
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調(diào)整字號大小: 
| 一、經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中的人權(quán)保障 | I. Protection of Human Rights in Economic Construction |
| 中國有13億多人口，不發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)，不首先解決人民的溫飽問題，其他一切權(quán)利都難以實現(xiàn)。發(fā)展是解決中國所有問題的關(guān)鍵，也是推動中國人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展的根本。只有推動經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展，才能筑牢人民幸福安康的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，保障人民的生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)。多年來，中國堅持以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心，通過發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)來擴(kuò)大城鄉(xiāng)就業(yè)，增加居民收入和家庭財產(chǎn)收入，改善人民衣食住行用等條件，維護(hù)弱勢群體權(quán)益，使公民經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利得到更加切實的保障。 | China has a population of over 1.3 billion. For such a populous country, it would be impossible to protect the people's rights and interests without first developing the economy to feed and clothe the people. Development is the key to solving all existing problems and facilitating progress of human rights in China. Only by pursuing healthy and sustainable economic development can China consolidate the material foundation for the people's happiness and wellbeing, and protect their rights to subsistence and development. For many years, China has taken economic construction as the central task and, through economic growth, expanded rural and urban employment, increased the residents' income and family property income, provided the people with better food, clothing, housing, transportation and other daily necessities, safeguarded the rights and interests of disadvantaged groups, and effectively protected the citizens' economic rights and interests. |
| 人民生活水平不斷提高。經(jīng)濟(jì)的平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展為改善民生奠定了基礎(chǔ)，創(chuàng)造了條件。2012年，在世界各大經(jīng)濟(jì)體增長全面減速、各種風(fēng)險不斷暴露的情況下，中國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長7.8%，居民消費(fèi)價格漲幅回落到2.6%。2012年全年糧食總產(chǎn)量達(dá)到58957萬噸，實現(xiàn)新中國成立之后第二個連續(xù)9年增產(chǎn)，連續(xù)6年產(chǎn)量超5億噸。民以食為天，糧食生產(chǎn)連續(xù)9年增長，對于一個13億多人口的國家來說意義十分重大，為中國人民過上幸福美好生活打下了堅實基礎(chǔ)。農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)生活條件不斷改善。2008年至2012年，新建改建農(nóng)村公路146.5萬公里，改造農(nóng)村危房1033萬戶，解決了3億多農(nóng)村人口的飲水安全和無電區(qū)445萬人的用電問題。城鄉(xiāng)居民收入增長較快。2012年全年農(nóng)村居民人均純收入7917元，比上年增長13.5%，扣除價格因素，實際增長10.7%；全年城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入24565元，增長12.6%，扣除價格因素，實際增長9.6%。城鄉(xiāng)居民收入實際增長快于國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長，農(nóng)村居民收入實際增長快于城鎮(zhèn)居民。2012年，農(nóng)村居民家庭恩格爾系數(shù)（即居民家庭食品消費(fèi)支出占消費(fèi)總支出的比重）為39.3%，城鎮(zhèn)居民家庭恩格爾系數(shù)為36.2%。到2012年底，全國民用轎車保有量5989萬輛，比上年增長20.7%，其中私人轎車5308萬輛，增長22.8%；城鎮(zhèn)居民每百戶擁有汽車21.5輛，比2007年增加15.5輛。全國固定及移動電話用戶總數(shù)達(dá)到139031萬戶,比上年末增加11896萬戶。移動電話普及率達(dá)到82.6部/百人，固定電話普及率達(dá)到20.7部/百人?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)上網(wǎng)人數(shù)5.64億人,其中使用移動電話上網(wǎng)人數(shù)4.2億，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率達(dá)到42.1%。2012年全年國內(nèi)出游人數(shù)達(dá)29.6億人次，比上年增長12.1%；國內(nèi)居民出境人數(shù)8318萬人次，增長18.4%。其中因私出境7706萬人次，增長20.2%，占出境人數(shù)的92.6%。積極穩(wěn)妥推進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)化。2008年至2012年轉(zhuǎn)移農(nóng)村人口8463萬人，城鎮(zhèn)化率由45.9%提高到52.6%，城鄉(xiāng)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了歷史性變化。 | The people's living standards are constantly on the rise. Steady yet relatively rapid economic development has provided the foundation for a better livelihood for the Chinese people. Despite the slowdown of economic growth in the world's major economies and the manifestation of various risks, China's GDP grew by 7.8 percent in 2012 and the rise in the CPI (Consumer Price Index) fell back to 2.6 percent. China's annual grain output in 2012 reached 589.57 million tons, registering the second nine-year consecutive growth since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, topping the 500-million-ton mark for six years in a row. Food is people's paramount necessity. For a country with more than 1.3 billion people, a nine-year consecutive growth in grain output was of particularly significant importance, as it laid a solid foundation for the Chinese people to live a happier and better life. The living and production conditions in rural areas have kept improving. From 2008 to 2012 China built or rebuilt 1.465 million km of rural roads, renovated 10.33 million rural houses in disrepair, solved the problem of drinking water safety for over 300 million rural residents, and provided power to 4.45 million people in areas previously devoid of access to electricity. At the same time, urban and rural residents' income has been growing relatively rapidly. The annual per-capita net income for rural residents reached 7,917 yuan in 2012, up 13.5 percent over the previous year or 10.7 percent in real terms. The annual per-capita disposable income for urban residents was 24,565 yuan, an increase of 12.6 percent or 9.6 percent in real terms year on year. The income growth of urban and rural residents in real terms outpaced the GDP growth, while the income growth of the rural residents in real terms surpassed that of the urban residents. In 2012 the Engel coefficients (i.e., the proportion of food expenditure in the total consumption spending) per rural and urban household were 39.3 percent and 36.2 percent, respectively. By the end of 2012 car ownership had reached 59.89 million, an increase of 20.7 percent over the previous year, among which 53.08 million were private cars, an increase of 22.8 percent. There were 21.5 cars for every 100 urban households, an increase of 15.5 over 2007. The combined number of fixed and mobile phone users reached 1,390.31 million, an increase of 118.96 million over that at the end of the previous year. There were 82.6 mobile phones and 20.7 fixed phones for every 100 people. There were over 564 million Internet users in China, among whom 420 million access the Internet via mobile phones. The Internet penetration rate reached 42.1 percent. The number of domestic tourists in 2012 totaled 2.96 billion, and the number of Chinese citizens making trips abroad reached 83.18 million, up 12.1 percent and 18.4 percent,respectively, over the previous year. Among them, those making trips abroad for private purposes reached 77.06 million, a year-on-year increase of 20.2 percent, accounting for 92.6 percent of the total. Active and steady efforts have been made to promote urbanization. From 2008 to 2012, a total of 84.63 million rural laborers moved to cities and towns, raising the urbanization rate from 45.9 percent to 52.6 percent and effecting a historic change in China's urban-rural structure. |
| 農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)進(jìn)入新階段。為不斷提高農(nóng)村貧困人口生活水平，中國政府于2011年頒布《中國農(nóng)村扶貧開發(fā)綱要（2011-2020年）》，明確提出到2020年穩(wěn)定實現(xiàn)扶貧對象不愁吃、不愁穿，以及保障其義務(wù)教育、基本醫(yī)療和住房的總目標(biāo)。國家大幅度提高扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，將農(nóng)民人均純收入2300元（2010年不變價格）作為新的國家扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，更多低收入人口被納入扶貧范圍。2011年全國扶貧對象覆蓋人口1.22億人，占農(nóng)村戶籍人口的12.7%。2012年，中央財政綜合扶貧投入2996億元，比2011年增長31.9%。其中，中央財政專項扶貧資金332億元。啟動實施了武陵山、六盤山、羅霄山等11個集中連片特困地區(qū)區(qū)域發(fā)展與扶貧攻堅規(guī)劃及“十二五”（2011-2015年）時期支持西藏、新疆和新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)、四川云南甘肅青海四省藏區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展規(guī)劃，著力解決深度貧困問題。2011年，國家扶貧開發(fā)工作重點(diǎn)縣農(nóng)村居民人均純收入3985元，比2009年增長40.2%，增幅高于全國農(nóng)村居民平均水平。按照新的國家扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，2012年末農(nóng)村貧困人口為9899萬人，比上年末減少2339萬人。國家編制出臺了《扶貧開發(fā)整村推進(jìn)“十二五”規(guī)劃》，計劃“十二五”期間，完成中西部3萬個貧困村整村推進(jìn)任務(wù)，年均6000個村。農(nóng)村貧困殘疾人生活狀況進(jìn)一步改善。2012年國務(wù)院印發(fā)《農(nóng)村殘疾人扶貧開發(fā)綱要（2011-2020年）》。2012年，共扶持229.9萬農(nóng)村貧困殘疾人，為86.1萬農(nóng)村殘疾人提供實用技術(shù)培訓(xùn)，為13.2萬戶農(nóng)村貧困殘疾人家庭實施危房改造。 | Poverty reduction in rural areas enters a new stage. To constantly improve the living conditions of the impoverished population in rural areas, the Chinese government promulgated the Outline of Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for China's Rural Areas (2011-2020) in 2011, setting forth the general objective of providing adequate food and clothing for poverty-stricken people while ensuring their access to compulsory education, basic medical services and housing by 2020. The state raised the national poverty line substantially to 2,300 yuan per person per year on average (calculated at 2010 constant prices), and by this criterion more low-income people have been included in poverty-reduction programs. In 2011 a total of 122 million people were covered by poverty-reduction programs all over the country, making up 12.7 percent of the rural population. In 2012 the central government spent 299.6 billion yuan on comprehensive poverty-reduction programs, an increase of 31.9 percent over the previous year, of which 33.2 billion yuan was special funds for poverty reduction. The state has launched regional development and poverty-reduction projects in 11 regions, including the Wuling, Liupan and Luoxiao mountainous areas, as well as plans to support the economic and social development of Tibet, Xinjiang, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and the Tibetan-inhabited areas in the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai during the 12th Five-year Plan period (2011-2015). These efforts were aimed at alleviating deep-rooted poverty in these areas. In 2011 the average per-capita annual income for farmers in the counties which are key targets of the government's poverty-reduction work reached 3,985 yuan, an increase of 40.2 percent over 2009, a higher growth rate than that of the average level in China's rural areas. By the end of 2012 the size of the impoverished population in rural China had decreased to 98.99 million according to the new criterion, 23.39 million fewer than that at the end of the previous year. The state formulated the 12th Five-Year Plan for Village-based Development-oriented Poverty Reduction, planning to lift 30,000 impoverished villages in central and western China out of poverty, or 6,000 villages per year, in the five years from 2011 to 2015. At the same time, the living conditions of impoverished disabled people in rural areas have been further improved. In 2012 the State Council issued the Outline of Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for Disabled People in Rural Areas (2011-2020). In the same year the state rendered support to 2.299 million disabled people in poverty in rural China, provided training for 861,000 disabled people in practical skills and helped 132,000 poor families with one or more disabled members to renovate their houses. |
| 少數(shù)民族貧困地區(qū)人民生活不斷改善。根據(jù)民族地區(qū)的實際，中國政府堅持國家?guī)椭l(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)支援、民族地區(qū)自力更生相結(jié)合的方針，制定出臺一系列優(yōu)惠政策，推動少數(shù)民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，努力提高各民族人民生活水平。中央財政不斷加大對民族地區(qū)的轉(zhuǎn)移支付力度。2010年至2012年，中央財政對8個民族?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)）轉(zhuǎn)移支付總額為26055億元，占中央財政對地方轉(zhuǎn)移支付總額的比重由24.3%提高到25.7%，同時加大了對民族自治州、民族自治縣及邊境地區(qū)的轉(zhuǎn)移支付力度。國家編制實施《扶持人口較少民族發(fā)展規(guī)劃（2011-2015年）》，將6個10萬人以上30萬人以下的民族納入扶持范圍，安排專項資金幫助人口較少民族發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)和改善生產(chǎn)生活條件。國家支持邊境地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展，編制實施《興邊富民行動規(guī)劃（2011-2015年）》。國家制定了促進(jìn)牧民增收、支持牧區(qū)發(fā)展的政策。少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)脫貧致富成效顯著。2005年至2010年，民族8省區(qū)貧困人口從2338.4萬人減少到1304.4萬人，貧困發(fā)生率從16.5%下降到7%，比全國同期貧困發(fā)生率下降幅度快了近5.5個百分點(diǎn)。 | People's living standards in poverty-stricken ethnic-minority areas are continuously improving. Based on the actual conditions in ethnic-minority areas, the Chinese government, adhering to the principle of combining assistance from the central government, support from developed regions and self-reliance of the ethnic-minority areas, has formulated a series of preferential policies to promote the ethnic-minority areas' economic growth and improve the living conditions of all ethnic groups. The central government has been continuously increasing transfer payments to ethnic-minority areas. From 2010 to 2012 the total amount of transfer payments to eight ethnic-minority provinces (autonomous regions) reached 2.6055 trillion yuan, up from 24.3 percent to 25.7 percent of the total transfer payments from the central government to local governments. Meanwhile, transfer payments to ethnic-minority autonomous prefectures, counties and border areas have also been increased. The state formulated and promulgated the Plan for Supporting the Development of Ethnic Minority Groups with Fewer Populations (2011-2015), including six ethnic minority groups with populations ranging from 100,000 to 300,000 each in the recipients of assistance, and earmarked special funds to help them develop their economy and improve their production and living conditions. The state also rendered support to the economic and social development of border areas by formulating the Action Plan to Bring Prosperity to Border Areas and the People There (2011-2015). The state adopted policies to increase income for the herdsmen and promote the development of pastoral regions. Marked achievements have been scored in helping ethnic-minority areas and their people get rid of poverty and become relatively well-off. From 2005 to 2010 the number of impoverished people in the eight aforesaid provinces (autonomous regions) decreased from 23.384 million to 13.044 million, and the impoverishment rate dropped from 16.5 percent to 7 percent, nearly 5.5 percentage points faster than the national average impoverishment rate in the same period. |
| 城鄉(xiāng)居民住房條件進(jìn)一步改善。2009年以來，圍繞“住有所居”和“城市化進(jìn)程中人類住區(qū)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展”兩大主題，在推進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)住房市場化改革，努力通過發(fā)展商品房市場滿足群眾多層次住房需求的同時，中國政府把滿足困難群眾基本住房需要，列為政府提供基本公共服務(wù)的重要內(nèi)容，通過大規(guī)模實施保障性安居工程，加快推進(jìn)住房保障工作。中國的保障性安居工程，包括城鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)的保障性住房建設(shè)、棚戶區(qū)改造以及農(nóng)村地區(qū)的危房改造、游牧民定居工程。在城鎮(zhèn)保障性安居工程方面，2008年至2012年新建各類保障性住房1800多萬套，棚戶區(qū)改造住房1200多萬套。到2012年底，全國累計用實物方式解決了3100萬戶城鎮(zhèn)家庭的住房困難，占城鎮(zhèn)家庭總戶數(shù)的12.5%左右。此外，全國還有近500萬戶城鎮(zhèn)低收入住房困難家庭享受政府發(fā)放的廉租住房租賃補(bǔ)貼。2012年底，城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村人均住房面積分別為32.9平方米和37.1平方米，分別比2007年增加2.8平方米和5.5平方米。為規(guī)范國有土地上房屋征收與補(bǔ)償活動，維護(hù)公共利益，保障被征收房屋所有權(quán)人的合法權(quán)益，2011年1月21日，國務(wù)院頒布施行《國有土地上房屋征收與補(bǔ)償條例》，同時廢止了2001年6月13日國務(wù)院公布的《城市房屋拆遷管理條例》。 | Urban and rural housing conditions are further improved. Since 2009, focusing on the two major themes of "ensuring that all the people enjoy the right to housing" and "obtaining sustainable development of residential areas in the process of urbanization," the Chinese government, while working hard to satisfy the people's diverse demands for housing by promoting market-oriented reform of the urban housing system and developing the commercial housing market, has also listed satisfying the basic housing needs of people in poverty as an important content of the basic public services to be provided by the government and carried out massive affordable housing projects to enhance housing security. The affordable housing projects in China cover the building of affordable housing in urban areas, the rebuilding of shanty areas and rural housing in disrepair, and the building of permanent housing for nomadic herdsmen. From 2008 to 2012 China built more than 18 million affordable suites of housing and rebuilt more than 12 million suites in shanty areas. By the end of 2012 China had provided housing for 31 million urban families, about 12.5 percent of the total urban households. In addition, the government had provided low-rent housing subsidies for nearly five million urban low-income families. At the end of 2012 the per-capita living space in China's urban and rural areas reached 32.9 square meters and 37.1 square meters, respectively, up 2.8 square meters and 5.5 square meters compared with 2007. In order to regulate the expropriation of and compensation for buildings on state-owned land, protect the legitimate rights of the owners of such buildings as well as the public interest, the State Council promulgated and put into effect the Regulations on the Expropriation of and Compensation for Buildings on State-owned Land on January 21, 2011, and simultaneously abolished the Regulations on the Dismantling of Urban Houses promulgated on June 13, 2001. |
| 積極促進(jìn)勞動者充分就業(yè)。經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)平穩(wěn)增長為保障就業(yè)提供了條件。國家實施積極的就業(yè)政策，保障公民工作權(quán)。2008年至2012年，累計投入就業(yè)專項資金1973億元，實現(xiàn)高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)2800萬人，城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)困難人員就業(yè)830萬人。2012年，在經(jīng)濟(jì)增速趨緩的背景下，全年城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)1266萬人，城鎮(zhèn)失業(yè)人員再就業(yè)552萬人，就業(yè)困難人員就業(yè)182萬人，年末城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率為4.1%，與上年末持平。全國農(nóng)民工總量為26261萬人，比上年增長3.9%。其中，外出農(nóng)民工16336萬人，增長3.0%；本地農(nóng)民工9925萬人，增長5.4%。國家積極促進(jìn)農(nóng)村勞動力就地就近轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)，8.5萬個村開展休閑農(nóng)業(yè)與鄉(xiāng)村旅游活動，帶動2800萬農(nóng)民就業(yè)。2012年，城鎮(zhèn)新安排殘疾人就業(yè)32.9萬人；城鎮(zhèn)實際在業(yè)殘疾人達(dá)到444.8萬；1770.3萬農(nóng)村殘疾人實現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定就業(yè)。2011年，全國共組織開展各類職業(yè)培訓(xùn)約2200萬人次。2012年，中央財政支出就業(yè)專項資金454億元，用于支持落實相關(guān)促進(jìn)就業(yè)的政策。2010-2012年，農(nóng)業(yè)部依托“陽光工程”培訓(xùn)項目開展農(nóng)業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)，中央財政累計安排培訓(xùn)補(bǔ)助資金33億元，培訓(xùn)農(nóng)民930萬人次。 | Proactive efforts are made to boost employment. The steady and sustained economic growth has provided a guarantee for employment. The state implements an active employment policy to guarantee the citizens' right to work. From 2008 to 2012 China invested a total of 197.3 billion yuan in special employment funds, and helped 28 million college graduates and 8.3 million people in urban areas with employment difficulties find jobs. In 2012, against a backdrop of slowing economic growth, 12.66 million new job opportunities were created, 5.52 million laid-off workers were reemployed, and 1.82 million people with employment difficulties found jobs in urban areas of China. At the year's end, the registered urban unemployment rate was 4.1 percent, the same as the previous year. The total number of rural migrant workers was 262.61 million in 2012, up 3.9 percent from the previous year, among whom the number of rural workers employed away from their homes reached 163.36 million and the number of local rural workers reached 99.25 million, representing increases of 3 percent and 5.4 percent over the previous year, respectively. As China encourages farmers to find jobs in or close to their hometowns, 85,000 villages launched recreational agriculture and village tourism, providing jobs for 28 million farmers. In 2012 China helped an additional 329,000 disabled people in urban areas to find jobs, raising the total urban number of employed disabled people to 4.448 million; and in the rural areas, 17.703 million disabled people got stable jobs. In 2011, 22 million people took part in vocational training courses of various types provided by the government. In 2012 the central government appropriated 45.4 billion yuan in special employment funds to help implement policies intended to boost employment. From 2010 to 2012, taking advantage of the training programs of the "Sunlight Project," the Ministry of Agriculture provided agricultural skill training to 9.3 million farmers with 3.3 billion yuan of subsidy funds from the central government. |
| 保障勞動者各項基本權(quán)利。國家先后修改了勞動合同法、職業(yè)病防治法，制定了《女職工勞動保護(hù)特別規(guī)定》和《最高人民法院關(guān)于審理勞動爭議案件適用法律若干問題的解釋（三）》，保障勞動者各項權(quán)利。工會覆蓋面進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。截至2012年9月，全國建立基層工會組織266.6萬個，覆蓋企事業(yè)機(jī)關(guān)單位616.6萬個，與2009年相比分別增長34.9%和42.8%，其中非公經(jīng)濟(jì)組織工會組織185.5萬個，較2009年增長47%。工會會員達(dá)2.8億人，較2009年增長16.7%，其中非公經(jīng)濟(jì)組織會員達(dá)1.6億人，較2009年增長16%。積極推進(jìn)工資集體協(xié)商，保障獲得公平報酬的權(quán)利。截至2012年9月，全國共簽訂工資專項集體合同122.8萬份，覆蓋企業(yè)308.2萬家，覆蓋職工1.5億人，與2009年相比分別增長140%、241%和142%。2012年，全國各級勞動保障監(jiān)察機(jī)構(gòu)共查處違法案件41.2萬件，督促用人單位與805.5萬人次勞動者簽訂勞動合同。2012年，全國24個省份調(diào)整了最低工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，最低工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)年均增幅22%。城鎮(zhèn)非私營單位在崗職工平均工資由2007年的24932元增加到2011年的42452元，年均增長14.23%；城鎮(zhèn)私營單位就業(yè)人員年平均工資由2009年的18199元增加到2011年的24556元，年均增長16.16%。 | The basic rights of workers are guaranteed. The state has amended the Labor Contract Law and the Law on the Prevention and Treatment of Occupational Diseases, and formulated the Special Rules on Protection of Female Employees and Interpretations (III) of the Supreme People's Court of Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Labor Dispute Cases, so as to protect various rights of workers. More trade unions have been established, involving more employees. By the end of September 2012 the number of grassroots trade unions had increased to 2.666 million, covering 6.166 million enterprises and public institutions, up 34.9 percent and 42.8 percent over 2009, respectively, of which 1.855 million trade unions were set up in non-public economic organizations, an increase of 47 percent over 2009. The number of trade union members nationwide reached 280 million, among whom 160 million were from non-public economic organizations, up 16.7 percent and 16 percent over 2009, respectively. China actively promotes the collective negotiation system on wages to guarantee the employees' right to fair remuneration. By the end of September 2012 a total of 1.228 million special collective contracts had been signed throughout the country, involving 3.082 million enterprises and 150 million employees, up 140 percent, 241 percent and 142 percent over 2009, respectively. In 2012 labor security supervision organs at various levels investigated and handled 412,000 law-breach cases regarding labor security, and urged employers to sign labor contracts with 8.055 million employees. In the same year 24 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) raised their local minimum wage standards, averaging a 22 percent annual hike. The per-capita annual wage for employees in the urban non-private sector increased from 24,932 yuan in 2007 to 42,452 yuan in 2011 and that for employees in the urban private sector increased from 18,199 yuan in 2009 to 24,556 yuan in 2011, representing an average annual increase of 14.23 percent and 16.16 percent, respectively. |
| 保障人民生活和生產(chǎn)安全。中國重視在發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)過程中保障人民生活和生產(chǎn)安全。近年來，國家努力構(gòu)建完善的市政公用事業(yè)服務(wù)體系，城市人居環(huán)境質(zhì)量不斷提升。迄今，中國共21次獲得聯(lián)合國人居獎，有7個項目獲得迪拜國際改善居住環(huán)境最佳范例獎，有30個城市獲得中國人居環(huán)境獎，398個項目獲得了中國人居環(huán)境范例獎。2011年，全國113個環(huán)保重點(diǎn)城市供水量水質(zhì)達(dá)標(biāo)率提高到90.6%。截至2012年底，飲用水衛(wèi)生監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)覆蓋全部省份，共設(shè)立水質(zhì)監(jiān)測點(diǎn)近3萬個。2010－2012年，全國累計解決了1.72億農(nóng)村居民和2300萬農(nóng)村學(xué)校師生的飲水安全問題。2008年以來，完成大中型和重點(diǎn)小型水庫除險加固1.8萬座。國家著力解決制約安全生產(chǎn)的突出問題和深層矛盾，安全生產(chǎn)法規(guī)政策體系不斷完善。頒布了多項安全生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，嚴(yán)厲打擊非法違法生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營、建設(shè)行為，深入治理違規(guī)違章行為，持續(xù)開展“安全生產(chǎn)年”活動，不斷深化隱患排查治理。2012年，全國查處無證和證照不全從事生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營、建設(shè)等各類非法違法行為144萬起，違規(guī)違章行為305萬起。平均每年培訓(xùn)高危行業(yè)主要負(fù)責(zé)人、安全管理人員和特種作業(yè)人員500多萬人次，農(nóng)民工1300萬人次，煤礦班組長13萬人。發(fā)布了1022項重大事故防治關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和355項新型安全實用產(chǎn)品，集中推廣了100個安全動態(tài)監(jiān)測監(jiān)控項目。安全生產(chǎn)事故起數(shù)和死亡人數(shù)持續(xù)下降。各類生產(chǎn)安全事故起數(shù)、死亡人數(shù)2011年比2010年分別下降4.3%、5.1%，2012年比2011年又分別下降3.1%、4.7%；億元GDP事故死亡率、工礦商貿(mào)十萬就業(yè)人員事故死亡率、煤礦百萬噸事故死亡率、交通萬車事故死亡率，2011年比2010年分別下降13.9%、11.7%、24.7%和12.5%，2012年比2011年又分別下降18%、13%、34%和11%。 | Protection is offered for people's safety in life and production. In China great importance is attached to the people's safety in life and production safety in the course of economic development. China's urban living environment is constantly improving as the state has been working hard to build a well-established service system of urban public works and utilities in recent years. China has won the UN-Habitat Scroll of Honor Award 21 times. Seven Chinese projects have been awarded the Dubai International Award for Best Practices to Improve the Living Environment, 30 cities have been awarded the China Habitat Environment Prize, and 398 projects have been awarded the China Habitat Exemplary Environment prize. In 2011 some 90.6 percent of water supplies in China's 113 key environmental-protection cities were up to the state-set quality standards. By the end of 2012 China had established more than 30,000 water-quality monitoring sites, extending the monitoring network for drinking water safety to all provinces. From 2010 to 2012 China solved drinking water safety problems for a total of 172 million rural residents and 23 million rural students and teachers. Since 2008 China has completed risk-removing reinforcement for 18,000 large, medium-sized and small key reservoirs. The state has endeavored to solve prominent issues and deep-rooted problems that hamper production safety, and improved the legislation and policies concerning safe production. It has issued production safety standards, stringently cracked down on illegal production, operation and construction, and corrected activities that breached relevant regulations. China has continuously carried out the "Production Safety Year" movement to ferret out and remove hidden dangers. In 2012 China investigated and dealt with 1.44 million cases of illegal production and construction that operate without licenses or lacking some of the licenses, plus 3.05 million cases of regulation violations. Every year China trained on average over five million safety managers, special operation personnel and persons in charge of high-risk industries, as well as 13 million migrant workers and 130,000 team leaders in coal mines. In addition, China has unveiled 1,022 key technologies for the prevention of major accidents and 355 new-type safe and practical products, and promoted 100 safety dynamic monitoring projects. Industrial accidents and their toll of life continued to go down. In 2011 the number of industrial accidents and their toll of life were down by 4.3 percent and 5.1 percent as compared with 2010, and further down by 3.1 percent and 4.7 percent in 2012 from that of 2011. The death rate per 100 million yuan GDP, death rate per 100,000 employees in coal mining, industrial and commercial sectors, death rate per one million tons of coal produced, and death rate of road traffic accidents per 10,000 vehicles in 2011 were down by 13.9 percent, 11.7 percent, 24.7 percent and 12.5 percent, respectively, as compared with 2010, and the figures in 2012 went further down by 18 percent, 13 percent, 34 percent, and 11 percent, respectively, from that in 2011. |
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