《2012年中國人權(quán)事業(yè)的進展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2012
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調(diào)整字號大小: 
| 三、文化建設(shè)中的人權(quán)保障 | III. Protection of Human Rights in Cultural Services |
| 保障公民文化權(quán)益的充分實現(xiàn)，是中國人權(quán)建設(shè)的重要內(nèi)容。近年來，中國繼續(xù)深化文化體制改革，解放和發(fā)展文化生產(chǎn)力，激發(fā)全民族文化創(chuàng)造活力，人民的社會文化生活更加豐富多彩，公民基本文化權(quán)益保障不斷取得新進展。中國人民享受文化成果的權(quán)利、參與文化活動和文化事務(wù)管理的權(quán)利、開展文化創(chuàng)造的權(quán)利以及文化成果受法律保護的權(quán)利，均得到前所未有的提高。 | To fully ensure its citizens' right to cultural services is an important component of China's human rights development. In recent years, China has continued to deepen reform of the cultural system, liberating and developing cultural productivity to inspire cultural creativity in the whole nation. People are enjoying richer cultural entertainments and new development has been made to ensure the citizens' basic access to cultural services. Unprecedented progress has been made in protecting the Chinese people's right to enjoy cultural achievements, to participate in cultural activities and the management of cultural affairs, to cultural creation and to legal protection of their cultural property. |
| 保障公民文化權(quán)利的服務(wù)體系初步形成。國家逐步完善了公共文化設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)，基本實現(xiàn)了“縣有圖書館、文化館，鄉(xiāng)有綜合文化站”的目標。截至2012年底，全國文化系統(tǒng)共有藝術(shù)表演團體2089個，博物館2838個，公共圖書館2975個，文化館3286個，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)綜合文化站34139個。文化信息資源共享工程覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)基本建成。截至2012年5月，已建成1個國家中心，33個省級分中心，2840個縣級支中心，28595個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)基層服務(wù)點，60.2萬個行政村基層服務(wù)點，數(shù)字資源建設(shè)總量已達到136.4萬億字節(jié)，累計服務(wù)人次超過12億。數(shù)字圖書館推廣工程在33個省級館、185個地市級館實施，數(shù)字資源總量達560萬億字節(jié)。到2012年底，全國共有各類廣播電視播出機構(gòu)2579座。中國有線電視干線網(wǎng)絡(luò)超過330萬公里，有線電視用戶2.14億戶，有線數(shù)字電視用戶1.43億戶；廣播節(jié)目綜合人口覆蓋率為97.5%，電視節(jié)目綜合人口覆蓋率為98.2%。2012年全國公共財政文化體育與傳媒經(jīng)費2251.45億元，比2009年增加了858.38億元；每萬人擁有群眾文化設(shè)施面積221.2平米。國家通過廣播電視“村村通”工程和農(nóng)家書屋工程，不斷滿足生活在農(nóng)村和偏遠地區(qū)人們的文化需求。目前，中國100%的行政村和95%的20戶以上自然村通上電話，100%的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)基本具備互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入能力，100%的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)和88%的行政村通寬帶。截至2012年8月，國家投入資金180多億元，建成達到統(tǒng)一規(guī)定標準的農(nóng)家書屋60多萬家，配備圖書9.4億冊、報刊5.4億份、音像制品和電子出版物1.2億張、影視放映設(shè)備和閱讀設(shè)施60多萬套。全民健身事業(yè)取得新成績。國務(wù)院頒布了《全民健身計劃（2011－2015年）》。截至2012年底,全國各類體育場地已超過100萬個，建成“農(nóng)民體育健身工程”34.8萬個、“全民健身路徑”26.1萬條。 | A service system to ensure Chinese citizens' cultural rights has been basically established. The state has improved the network of public cultural facilities step by step, and has basically attained the goal of having "libraries and cultural centers in counties and cultural stations in townships." By the end of 2012, there were 2,089 art performance troupes, 2,838 museums, 2,975 public libraries, 3,286 cultural centers and 34,139 township cultural stations throughout China. A service network covering both urban and rural areas powered by a culture and information resource-sharing program has been developed. By May 2012 China had built one service center at the national level, 33 sub-centers at the provincial level, 2,840 branches at the county-level, 28,595 service stations at the township level, and 602,000 service outlets at the village level. The total volume of digital resources had reached 136.4 trillion bytes, providing services to more than 1.2 billion persons accumulatively. The digital library program has been carried out in 33 libraries at the provincial level and 185 libraries at the prefectural (city) level, and the total volume of digital resources has reached 560 trillion bytes. By the end of 2012, China had 2,579 radio and television broadcasting stations of various sizes. The total length of the cable TV network measured more than 3.3 million km, providing services to 214 million cable TV users (households) and 143 million cable digital TV users. About 97.5 percent of China's population had access to radio service, and the figure was 98.2 percent for access to television programs. In 2012 the country's total funds for culture, sports and media services provided by the public finances reached 225.145 billion yuan, an increase of 85.838 billion yuan as compared to 2009; and the floorage of cultural facilities per 10,000 people reached 221.2 square meters. By providing radio and television services to every village with more than 20 households and setting up libraries for farmers, the state has been working hard to meet the cultural needs of people in rural and remote areas. Currently, all China's administrative villages and 95 percent of villages with more than 20 households have access to telephone service. All townships have adequate infrastructure for Internet connection, and all townships and 88 percent of administrative villages have broadband Internet connection. By August 2012, the state had spent more than 18 billion yuan on the building of over 600,000 farmers' libraries under unified standards, equipping these libraries with 940 million copies of books, 540 million copies of newspapers and periodicals, 120 million audio-visual products and electronic publications, and over 600,000 sets of film and television projection equipment and reading apparatus. New achievements have been made in the fitness-for-all endeavor. The State Council issued the National Fitness Program (2011-2015). By the end of 2012, China had more than one million sports venues of various types, and the state had completed the building of 348,000 fitness stations for farmers and 261,000 outdoor fitness tracks. |
| 不斷創(chuàng)造新的文化產(chǎn)品滿足公民文化需求。為加快文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，創(chuàng)造出更多為人民喜歡的文化產(chǎn)品，中共中央制定《關(guān)于深化文化體制改革推動社會主義文化大發(fā)展大繁榮若干重大問題的決定》，中國政府提出《國家“十二五”時期文化改革發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要》、《文化產(chǎn)業(yè)振興規(guī)劃》以及其他與文化發(fā)展相關(guān)的政策措施，大力推進文化發(fā)展和文化創(chuàng)新。目前，包括演藝、動漫、游戲和數(shù)字文化服務(wù)等11大文化產(chǎn)業(yè)體系框架初步形成。2011年，中國文化及相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值13479億元，比上年增長21.96％, 占同期國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的2.85%。2012年出版各類報紙476億份，各類期刊34億冊，圖書81億冊（張）。電子出版物總量和印刷業(yè)總產(chǎn)值分別居世界第二和第三。2012年生產(chǎn)故事影片745部，科教、紀錄、動畫和特種影片148部。截至2011年，全國各類藝術(shù)表演團體演出154.04萬場，全國娛樂市場規(guī)模達566.18億元，藝術(shù)品市場交易總額為1959億元。全國有網(wǎng)吧14.6萬家；網(wǎng)絡(luò)音樂相關(guān)企業(yè)452家，網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲市場規(guī)模為468.5億元。自2002年國家實施舞臺藝術(shù)精品工程以來，共推出100臺精品劇目，200多臺優(yōu)秀劇目。國家重大歷史題材美術(shù)創(chuàng)作工程推出了104件優(yōu)秀美術(shù)作品。國家昆曲藝術(shù)搶救、保護和扶持工程、國家重點京劇院團保護和扶持規(guī)劃、中國民族音樂發(fā)展和扶持工程等相繼實施，民族優(yōu)秀文化藝術(shù)得到保護和弘揚。成功舉辦中國藝術(shù)節(jié)、優(yōu)秀保留劇目大獎評選、全國民營藝術(shù)院團優(yōu)秀劇目展演、全國現(xiàn)代戲優(yōu)秀劇目展演等藝術(shù)活動。文化下鄉(xiāng)活動、“高雅藝術(shù)進校園”活動持續(xù)深入開展。 | New cultural products have been created to meet the citizens' cultural needs. To quicken the development of the culture industry and create more popular cultural products the people like, the CPC Central Committee adopted the Decision on Major Issues Pertaining to Deepening the Reform of the Cultural System and Pressing Ahead for the Great Development and Prosperity of Socialist Culture. The Chinese government also released the Outline of the National Cultural Reform and Development Program during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, Plan to Reinvigorate the Culture Industry, and other policies and measures related to cultural development, as part of the efforts to vigorously promote cultural progress and innovation. Currently, a framework of the culture industry has been basically developed, covering 11 culture industries such as entertainment, animation, games and digital culture. In 2011 the added value of China's culture and related industries grew 21.96 percent over the previous year to reach 1.3479 trillion yuan, accounting for 2.85 percent of the country's GDP during the same period. In 2012 China produced a total of 47.6 billion copies of newspapers, 3.4 billion copies of periodicals and 8.1 billion copies of books, and the total volume of electronic publications and the total output value of the printing industry ranked second and third in the world, respectively. In 2012 the country made 745 feature films and 148 other films, including popular science films, documentaries, animated cartoons and special-purpose films. By 2011 a total of 1,540,400 arts performances had been presented by various performance troupes. The value of China's entertainment market reached 56.618 billion yuan, and the total transactions on the art market were worth 195.9 billion yuan. There were 146,000 Internet cafes across the country and 452 companies doing Internet music business, and the market for online games had generated 46.85 billion yuan in revenue. Since the state launched the project to promote quality stage art works in 2002, the country has seen the staging of 100 leading plays and operas and over 200 other quality plays and operas in the theater. The national project for the creation of fine art works on major historical themes has brought about 104 pieces of top-notch artwork. Fine national art traditions have been preserved and promoted with the state making efforts to preserve, protect and support the art of Kunqu Opera, key national troupes of Peking Opera and Chinese music. The government has held the China Art Festival and Excellent Repertoire Awards, as well as staged prize-winning performances by private art troupes and quality modern drama plays. The state continues with the activities of "taking cultural services to the countryside" and "introducing classic art to campuses." |
| 推進公共文化服務(wù)均等化。廣泛開展針對特殊群體的公共文化服務(wù)，加強對進城務(wù)工人員、老年人、未成年人、低收入人群、殘障人群文化權(quán)益的保障。實施中國少兒歌曲推廣計劃，舉辦中國少年兒童合唱節(jié)、中國老年合唱節(jié)等活動。2010年5月，國家圖書館少年兒童館暨少兒數(shù)字圖書館正式開放。2012年，“中國盲人數(shù)字圖書館”和“中國殘疾人數(shù)字圖書館”為超過百萬的殘疾人提供無障礙圖書、講座、音樂等文化服務(wù)。實施公共電子閱覽室建設(shè)計劃，已建設(shè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、街道、社區(qū)等各級站點28612個，重點向未成年人、老年人、農(nóng)村進城務(wù)工人員等群體提供服務(wù)。2011年，國家有關(guān)部門聯(lián)合下發(fā)《關(guān)于進一步加強農(nóng)民工文化工作的意見》，提出了以公共文化服務(wù)體系為支撐，逐步形成“政府主導(dǎo)、企業(yè)共建、社會參與”的農(nóng)民工文化工作機制的總體思路。從2010年開始，文化部積極開展全國文化志愿者邊疆行活動，3年來共有20多個內(nèi)地省（市）和單位組成50多支志愿團，招募2000多名文化志愿者，先后為12個邊疆民族省、區(qū)和新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團組織文藝演出450多場，業(yè)務(wù)培訓(xùn)2000多學(xué)時，文化展覽600多天，惠及數(shù)十萬人次。推動電視節(jié)目加配字幕和手語，利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對重大活動開展文字視頻無障礙網(wǎng)上直播服務(wù)，惠及聽障人群達7萬多人次。2012年，文化部聯(lián)合中央文明辦印發(fā)了《關(guān)于廣泛開展基層文化志愿服務(wù)活動的意見》，提出重點依托公共文化設(shè)施，文化惠民工程，重要節(jié)日紀念日和內(nèi)地對口支援工作，廣泛開展文化志愿服務(wù)活動。 | Public cultural services have been made more equitable. The state has provided extensive public cultural services to special groups, and made greater efforts to guarantee the cultural rights of migrant workers, senior citizens, minors, low-income groups, and disabled persons. The state has implemented the Promotion Program for Children's Songs, and held China Children's Choir Festival and China Choir Festival for the Elderly, among other activities. In May 2010 the National Library of China formally opened its National Children's Library (National Children's Digital Library) to the public. In 2012 China Digital Library for Visually Impaired and China Digital Library for People with Disabilities provided barrier-free books, lectures, music and other cultural services to over a million disabled persons. The state has implemented the program to build public electronic reading rooms, and has completed the building of 28,612 such reading rooms in rural townships and urban communities to provide services to minors, senior citizens, migrant workers and other groups. In 2011 state departments concerned jointly issued the Opinions on Further Strengthening Cultural Services for Migrant Workers, which set the guidelines for migrant workers' cultural services relying mainly on the public cultural service system, and boosted the forming of a mechanism where the government assumes the leading role, enterprises contribute by joint development, and the whole society takes part. From 2010 the Ministry of Culture has been actively promoting trips by volunteers to bring cultural services to border areas. Over the past three years, more than 20 provinces (municipalities) and public institutions in China's more developed areas have organized 50 volunteers' groups comprising over 2,000 cultural volunteers to stage 450 art performances in 12 border provinces and autonomous regions inhabited by ethnic minorities in compact communities and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, provide more than 2,000 hours of professional training and hold a total of 600 days of cultural exhibitions, benefiting several hundred thousand people. Efforts have also been made to promote the adding of subtitles and sign language to TV programs and provide barrier-free live broadcasting service online with words and videos of major events, benefiting 70,000 people with hearing impairment. In 2012 the Ministry of Culture and the Office of Cultural and Ethical Promotion of the CPC Central Committee jointly released the Opinions on Carrying out Extensive Community-based Voluntary Cultural Services, which proposed to extensively carry out voluntary cultural services on the basis of public cultural facilities, cultural projects benefiting the people, major festivals and memorial days, and pair-up assistance between more developed areas and border areas. |
| 公民宗教信仰自由權(quán)利得到切實保障。中國堅持宗教信仰自由政策，從保障人權(quán)的高度保障公民宗教信仰自由權(quán)利，依法管理宗教事務(wù)，維護宗教界合法權(quán)益，促進宗教關(guān)系和諧，發(fā)揮宗教界人士和信教群眾在促進經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展中的積極作用。在《宗教事務(wù)條例》的基礎(chǔ)上，國家宗教事務(wù)局已先后制定實施9個配套部門規(guī)章。政府積極推進宗教領(lǐng)域依法行政，規(guī)范行政權(quán)力。2012年，取消宗教事務(wù)方面的行政審批項目3項，調(diào)整3項，修改《宗教事務(wù)方面部分行政許可項目實施細則》。繼續(xù)幫助全國性宗教團體和宗教院校改善辦公辦學(xué)條件。妥善解決宗教教職人員社會保障問題，基本實現(xiàn)應(yīng)保盡保。依法處理傷害信教群眾宗教感情的事件，妥善處理城市建設(shè)中涉及拆遷宗教團體、宗教活動場所房產(chǎn)的問題。重視保護宗教文物和優(yōu)秀宗教文化的傳承。目前，中國有宗教教職人員約36萬人，依法登記并開放的宗教活動場所達到14萬處，基本滿足了信教群眾的需求；宗教團體已達5500個，各宗教的教務(wù)活動有序開展；經(jīng)批準恢復(fù)和建立的各類宗教院校已達97所，基本形成了較為完善的宗教院校教育體系。支持宗教經(jīng)典、宗教類期刊等宗教出版物依法印制流通。截至2012年，中國《圣經(jīng)》印刷數(shù)量達1億多冊，成為世界上印刷《圣經(jīng)》最多的國家之一。支持宗教界開展宗教交流。2011年10月在湖南舉辦國際道教論壇，2012年4月在香港舉辦第3屆世界佛教論壇。 | The citizens' rights to the freedom of religious belief are protected. China upholds the policy of freedom of religious belief, and ensures its citizens' freedom of religious belief as an important part of their human rights. The Chinese government exercises administration over religious affairs by law, and protects the legitimate rights and interests of religious groups. It strives to promote religious harmony, and gives play to the active roles of religious personages and common believers in promoting economic and social development. Based on the Regulations on Religious Affairs, the State Administration of Religious Affairs has enacted nine supporting regulations. The Chinese government proactively promotes the administration by law in the religious sector and strives to regulate its administrative power in this regard. In 2012 China canceled administrative approval on three items related to religious affairs and made adjustment to three other issues, and amended the Enforcement Regulations on Certain Issues Requiring Administrative Approval Regarding Religious Affairs. The state continues to help national religious organizations and religious institutions improve their working and teaching conditions. It properly handles social security insurance for religious staff and ensures that those entitled to social security get covered. The state handles, in accordance with the law, cases which hurt the feelings of religious believers, properly deals with the demolition of housing belonging to religious organizations and houses for holding religious activities in urban construction, and attaches importance to the protection of religious relics and distinctive religious cultural heritage. Currently, China has approximately 360,000 religious staff and 140,000 registered venues for religious activities that are open to the public, basically satisfying the needs of religious believers. There are in total 5,500 religious organizations carrying out their respective activities in an orderly manner. The state has approved the restoration and building of 97 religious institutions, and a relatively complete institution-based religious education system has been put in place. China supports the production and circulation of religious classics, periodicals and other publications according to law. By 2012 more than 100 million copies of the Bible had been printed in China, making it among the few countries in the world with the largest print-run of the Bible. The Chinese government supports exchanges in the field of religion: China hosted the International Daoism Forum in Hunan in October 2011 and the Third World Buddhism Forum in Hong Kong in April 2012. |
| 切實保障少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)益。國家編制實施《少數(shù)民族事業(yè)“十二五”規(guī)劃》。中國55個少數(shù)民族有515個代表性項目列入國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護名錄，少數(shù)民族524人成為國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項目代表性傳承人，5個少數(shù)民族文化生態(tài)保護實驗區(qū)先后建立。18個少數(shù)民族項目入選聯(lián)合國“人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄”和“急需保護的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄”。到2012年5月，民族自治地方有廣播電臺73座，節(jié)目441套，民族語節(jié)目105個；電視臺90座，節(jié)目489套，民族語節(jié)目100個。截至2011年底，出版23個文種的少數(shù)民族文字圖書。有84種民族文字報紙，223種民族文字期刊。全國民族自治地方有各類文化機構(gòu)50834個，其中包括圖書館653個，文化館784個，文化站8153個，博物館385個。國家舉辦全國少數(shù)民族文藝匯演和全國少數(shù)民族傳統(tǒng)體育運動會。2009年以來，中央財政累計投入5.1億元實施少數(shù)民族特色村寨保護與發(fā)展項目，在全國28個省區(qū)市600個村寨開展試點。少數(shù)民族語言受到特殊保護。中央人民廣播電臺和地方廣播電臺每天用21種少數(shù)民族語言進行播音。全國共有1萬多所學(xué)校使用21個民族的29種文字開展雙語教學(xué)，在校生達600多萬人。2011年編譯出版的民族語言教材達3665種，總印數(shù)達4703萬多冊。 | The cultural rights of ethnic minority groups are protected. The state formulated and implemented the 12th Five-year Plan for Development of Undertakings Related to Ethnic Minority Groups. China's 55 ethnic minority groups have 515 of their representative cultural items included in the national intangible cultural heritage list, and have 524 individuals ranked as successors of their intangible cultural heritages. Five experimental zones on the protection of ethnic minority cultural ecology have been established, and 18 ethnic minority cultural items have been included in the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity and the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding of the UNESCO. By May 2012 there were 73 radio broadcasting stations in ethnic autonomous areas, airing 441 programs including 105 programs broadcast in local ethnic languages; and there were 90 television stations broadcasting 489 programs, including 100 in local ethnic languages. By the end of 2011 books were published in 23 ethnic minority languages nationwide. There were also 84 newspapers and 223 periodicals published in ethnic languages. A total of 50,834 cultural institutes of various types were operating in ethnic autonomous areas, including 653 libraries, 784 cultural centers, 8,153 cultural stations and 385 museums. The state holds national art shows and national sports events of the ethnic minority groups. Since 2009 China's central finance has invested a total of 510 million yuan in implementing the program for protecting and developing ethnic minority villages with unique characteristics, and pilot runs of the program have been initiated in 600 villages in 28 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. The state pays special attention to the protection of ethnic minority languages. China National Radio and local radio stations broadcast in 21 ethnic languages on a daily basis. Bilingual teaching is done in the classroom in more than 10,000 schools around the country, using 29 languages of 21 ethnic groups together with mandarin, offering bilingual instruction to over six million students. In 2011, 3,665 titles of ethnic language textbooks were published, with a total print-run of over 47,030,000 copies. |
| 文化遺產(chǎn)保護和傳承取得重要進展。2011年，全國人大常委會制定了非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)法，將非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)的保護、保存、傳承與傳播工作納入了法制化軌道，為繼承和弘揚中華民族優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化提供了法律保障。2011年，國家完成了第三次全國文物普查，調(diào)查登記不可移動文物近77萬處。國務(wù)院公布6批全國重點文物保護單位，共計2352處，歷史名城119座，歷史文化名鎮(zhèn)、名村350個；公布三批1219項國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄項目。文化部命名四批1986個國家級項目代表性傳承人，設(shè)立15個國家級文化生態(tài)保護實驗區(qū)。到2012年底，中國有世界遺產(chǎn)41處，總數(shù)居世界第三。有29項非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項目入選聯(lián)合國教科文組織“人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄”，7項入選“急需保護的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄”，1項入選“優(yōu)秀實踐名冊”。 | Important progress has been witnessed in the protection and inheritance of cultural heritages. In 2011 the NPC Standing Committee enacted the Intangible Cultural Heritage Law, which provides a legal basis for the inheritance and promotion of China's fine traditional culture by legalizing the protection, preservation, inheritance and transmission of the country's intangible cultural heritages. In 2011 the state completed the third national survey of cultural relics, and verified and registered about 770,000 immovable cultural relics. The State Council announced 2,352 key national cultural relic protection units in six batches, including 119 historical cities and 350 towns and villages of historical and cultural value. It also announced 1,219 items of the state-class intangible cultural heritage list in three batches. The Ministry of Culture named 1,986 representative inheritors of national cultural heritages in four batches, and set up 15 national experimental zones for the protection of cultural ecology. By the end of 2012 China had altogether 41 world heritage sites, ranking third in the world. Twenty-nine of the country's intangible cultural heritages were included in the UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, seven were included in the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, and one was included in the Register of Best Safeguarding Practices. |
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