《2013年中國人權(quán)事業(yè)的進(jìn)展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2013
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調(diào)整字號大小: 
| 三、民主權(quán)利 | III. Democratic Rights |
| 中國憲法規(guī)定中華人民共和國的一切權(quán)力屬于人民。在中國，人民依照憲法和法律規(guī)定，通過各種途徑和方式行使民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理、民主監(jiān)督權(quán)利。2013年，首次實行城鄉(xiāng)按相同人口比例選舉全國人大代表，協(xié)商民主廣泛多層制度化發(fā)展有力推進(jìn)，作為直接行使民主權(quán)利重要方式的基層民主健康發(fā)展，懲治腐敗、建設(shè)廉潔政治的力度加大，公民有序參與公共事務(wù)民主管理的形式更加豐富。 | The Chinese Constitution stipulates that all power in the People's Republic of China belongs to the people. In China, the people exercise the rights of democratic election, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic oversight through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the Constitution and other laws. In 2013 rural and urban areas in China for the first time adopted the same ratio of deputies to the represented population in the election to the NPC; extensive, multilevel and institutional development of consultative democracy were vigorously advanced; community-level democracy as an important means of directly exercising democratic rights witnessed sound development; efforts were increased to combat corruption and build political integrity; and Chinese citizens participated in democratic management of public affairs in more diversified forms. |
| 2013年，中國落實選舉法規(guī)定的人人平等原則，正式全面實行城鄉(xiāng)按相同人口比例選舉全國人大代表。堅持地區(qū)平等原則，同級行政區(qū)域的法律地位平等，不論人口多少，在國家最高權(quán)力機關(guān)中均有一定數(shù)量的代表，地區(qū)基本名額數(shù)相同，選舉第十二屆全國人大代表的地區(qū)基本名額數(shù)為8名。堅持民族平等原則，在全國人大常委會確認(rèn)的2,987名有效當(dāng)選代表中，少數(shù)民族代表409名，占代表總數(shù)的13.69％，全國55個少數(shù)民族都有本民族的代表。第十二屆全國人大女代表比例為23.4%，比上屆提高2.07個百分點?；鶎哟頂?shù)量增加，農(nóng)民工代表數(shù)量倍增，黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部代表數(shù)量減少。在第十二屆全國人大代表中，來自一線工人農(nóng)民的代表人數(shù)比上屆增加5.18%，黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部代表人數(shù)比上屆減少6.93%。 | In 2013 China implemented the principle that everyone is equal as stipulated in the Electoral Law of the People's Republic of China, and adopted the same ratio of deputies to the represented population in the election of NPC deputies in both rural and urban areas. It abides by the principle of regional equality inasmuch as administrative areas at the same level enjoy equal legal status, all are entitled to a certain number of deputies in the highest organ of state power regardless of their population sizes. Each of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government is entitled to have the same minimum number of NPC deputies, which was eight for the 12th NPC in 2013. China abides by the principle of ethnic equality, and of the elected 2,987 deputies confirmed by the NPC Standing Committee, 409 are from ethnic minorities, accounting for 13.69 percent of the total and covering all the 55 minority ethnic groups in China. Female deputies to the 12th NPC account for 23.4 percent, 2.07 percentage points up over the 11th NPC in 2008. In the 12th NPC the number of community-level deputies increased, the number of migrant worker deputies doubled, and the number of Party and government official deputies shrank, compared to the 11th NPC. Of the deputies to the 12th NPC, the number of worker and farmer deputies increased by 5.18 percent over the 11th NPC, and the number of Party and government official deputies decreased by 6.93 percent. |
| 人大積極推進(jìn)民主立法，增強法律的可執(zhí)行性、可操作性。2013年3月至2014年3月，全國人大常委會審議了15件法律和有關(guān)法律問題的決定草案，通過了其中的10件，修改了消費者權(quán)益保護(hù)法等21部法律，新制定了旅游法、特種設(shè)備安全法等法律。全國人大常委會探索法律出臺前評估工作，完善公布法律草案征求意見機制，在向社會公布法律草案一次審議稿的基礎(chǔ)上，明確法律草案二次審議稿也要向社會全文公布，廣泛征求各方面補充意見和建議。健全公眾意見采納情況反饋機制，積極回應(yīng)社會關(guān)切。全國人大及其常委會在立法過程中廣泛采取諸如座談會、網(wǎng)絡(luò)征求意見、調(diào)查研究、列席、公民討論、媒體討論等形式廣泛聽取公民意見。2013年3月至2014年1月間，共有5,728人次對相關(guān)法律草案提出45,121條意見。以環(huán)境保護(hù)法修正案草案為例，草案初審稿向社會公布征求意見時收到11,748條意見，二審稿公布后收到2,434條網(wǎng)上意見和48封來信。每次公布草案征求意見結(jié)束后，全國人大常委會均對重要法律草案的意見整理匯總情況及時向社會作出反饋。 | The NPC vigorously promotes democratic legislation, and enhances the enforceability and operability of the laws. From March 2013 to March 2014 the NPC Standing Committee deliberated on 15 decision drafts of laws and related legal issues, and adopted ten of them; amended 21 laws including the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests, and promulgated the Tourism Law of the People's Republic of China and the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Safety of Special Equipment. The NPC Standing Committee evaluates law drafts before promulgation, improves the mechanism of soliciting public opinion for draft laws, and specifies that in addition to the first review draft, the full text of the second review draft should also be released to the public to extensively solicit supplementary opinions and proposals in all respects. China improves the feedback mechanism of public opinion adopted, and actively responds to social concerns. The NPC and its Standing Committee listen to the people's opinions during legislation in the forms of forums, online opinion collection, investigation and research, allowing people to listen to legislation deliberations, and discussion by citizens and the media. From March 2013 to January 2014 some 5,728 persons presented 45,121 opinions on draft laws. Take the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (Draft Amendment) for example. Its first draft received 11,748 opinions, and the second draft received 2,434 online opinions and 48 letters. After soliciting opinions for released drafts of major laws, the NPC Standing Committee summarizes those opinions and issues such summaries to the public in a timely manner. |
| 進(jìn)一步暢通拓寬權(quán)利救濟(jì)渠道，積極回應(yīng)群眾利益訴求，尊重并保障民意。國家著力解決信訪突出問題，強調(diào)從源頭上預(yù)防和減少信訪問題發(fā)生，健全公開透明的訴求表達(dá)和辦理方式，突出領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部接訪下訪重點，完善聯(lián)合接訪運行方式。全力打造“陽光信訪”，推進(jìn)網(wǎng)上信訪信息綜合平臺建設(shè)，推動信訪事項辦理過程和結(jié)果全面公開，努力實現(xiàn)信訪事項可查詢、可跟蹤、可督辦、可評價。全面放開網(wǎng)上投訴受理內(nèi)容，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)逐步成為政府了解社情民意的新窗口。 | China further clears and expands rights relief channels, actively responds to public interest appeals, and respects and protects public opinion. The government endeavors to resolve the prominent problems concerning petition letters and visits, stresses preventing and reducing petition problems at the source, promotes open and transparent petition presentation and solution, encourages leading officials to directly receive and visit petitioners, and improves the mechanism of joint reception of petitioners by government departments concerned. China spares no effort to promote "petition in the sunshine," advances the building of an online petition information platform, and promotes the full exposure of petition handling and results, striving to achieve effective inquiry, tracking, oversight and evaluation of petition information. China makes open all online petitions accepted for examination, and the Internet has gradually become a window for the government to learn about public opinion. |
| 建設(shè)廉潔政治是民主制度有效運行的前提。2013年，中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府進(jìn)一步加大反腐敗工作力度，堅持用制度管權(quán)管事管人，讓人民監(jiān)督權(quán)力，讓權(quán)力在陽光下運行。國務(wù)院機構(gòu)改革全面啟動，中央政府全年下放取消審批事項416項。針對一些領(lǐng)域腐敗問題多發(fā)的現(xiàn)象，中共中央印發(fā)《建立健全懲治和預(yù)防腐敗體系2013－2017年工作規(guī)劃》。2013年，全國各級紀(jì)檢監(jiān)察機關(guān)共接受信訪舉報1,950,374件（次），其中檢舉控告類1,220,191件（次）；立案172,532件，結(jié)案173,186件，處分182,038人。全國各級檢察機關(guān)全年共立案偵查各類職務(wù)犯罪案件37,551件51,306人，同比分別上升9.4%和8.4%。突出查辦大案要案，立案偵查貪污、賄賂、挪用公款100萬元以上的案件2,581件，涉嫌犯罪的縣處級以上國家工作人員2,871人，其中廳局級253人、省部級8人。各級法院充分發(fā)揮刑事審判在懲治腐敗中的職能作用，加大對貪污賄賂等犯罪的打擊力度，審結(jié)包括國家工作人員貪污賄賂、瀆職侵權(quán)犯罪案件2.9萬件，判處罪犯3.1萬人。 | Building political integrity is the premise of the effective operation of a democratic system. In 2013 the CPC and the Chinese government further intensified their efforts to combat corruption, putting power, government operations and personnel management under institutional checks to ensure that the people oversee the exercise of power and that power is exercised in a transparent manner. Institutional reform of the State Council was fully launched; the central government decentralized and canceled 416 items of administrative approvals in 2013. In view of multiple corruption problems in certain fields, the CPC Central Committee issued the Work Plan for Establishing and Improving the System of Preventing and Punishing Corruption (2013-2017). In 2013 discipline inspection and procuratorial organs at all levels received 1,950,374 complaints of related offences through petition visits and letters, including 1,220,191 accusatory and prosecutable cases; filed 172,532 cases, concluded 173,186 cases, and punished 182,038 violators. In 2013 procuratorial organs at all levels filed and investigated 37,551 cases of official crimes involving 51,306 suspects, up 9.4percent and 8.4percent respectively on a year-on-year basis. China increased its efforts to handle major cases, filed and investigated 2,581 cases of embezzlement, bribery and appropriation of public funds, each involving over 1 million yuan, and 2,871 state functionaries at and above the county/division level, including 253 officials at the prefecture/bureau level and eight at the provincial/ministerial level. The courts at all levels fully performed their duty of combating corruption through criminal trials, intensified efforts to punish embezzlement and bribery crimes, wound up 29,000 cases of embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty and infringement of rights by state functionaries, and convicted 31,000 persons. |
| 在中國，社會主義協(xié)商民主是人民民主權(quán)利實現(xiàn)的重要形式。社會主義協(xié)商民主不僅關(guān)注最終的決策結(jié)果，也關(guān)注決策過程中的廣泛參與，不僅強調(diào)對多數(shù)人意見的尊重，也強調(diào)少數(shù)人意見的充分表達(dá)和權(quán)利的維護(hù)，拓寬了民主的廣度，從而在最大程度上實現(xiàn)人民民主。2013年，中國加快構(gòu)建程序合理、環(huán)節(jié)完整的協(xié)商民主體系，不斷拓寬國家政權(quán)機關(guān)、政協(xié)組織、黨派團(tuán)體、基層組織、社會組織的協(xié)商渠道，深入開展立法協(xié)商、行政協(xié)商、民主協(xié)商、參政協(xié)商、社會協(xié)商。以這些具體協(xié)商形式為平臺，就經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展重大問題和涉及群眾切身利益的實際問題在全社會進(jìn)行廣泛協(xié)商，增進(jìn)和達(dá)成共識。作為協(xié)商民主的重要渠道，中國人民政治協(xié)商會議積極推進(jìn)協(xié)商民主建設(shè)，創(chuàng)新以專題為內(nèi)容、以界別為紐帶、以專委會為依托、以座談為方法的協(xié)商形式，積極開展專題協(xié)商、界別協(xié)商、對口協(xié)商、提案辦理協(xié)商，推動協(xié)商活動的多樣化，約請有關(guān)部門負(fù)責(zé)人直接聽取意見，推動建言獻(xiàn)策成果的轉(zhuǎn)化。人民政協(xié)每年在協(xié)商議題、協(xié)商形式、活動組織等方面作出明確安排；繼承和創(chuàng)新“雙周協(xié)商座談會”制度，分別就宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢、建筑產(chǎn)業(yè)化、維護(hù)職工群眾切身利益、深化科技體制改革、加強汽車尾氣治理等議題舉辦雙周協(xié)商座談會。 | In China, socialist consultative democracy is an important form of ensuring the people's democratic rights. Socialist consultative democracy values final decision-making results as well as extensive public participation in decision-making, stresses respect for the opinion of the majority as well as ensuring that the minority can fully express their opinion and protect their own rights, thereby expanding the scope of democracy so as to realize the people's democracy to the maximum extent. In 2013 China accelerated the building of a consultative democratic system with reasonable procedures and complete links, expanded the consultation channels of state power organs, Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) organizations, political parties and groups, community-level and non-governmental organizations, and conducted extensive consultations on issues relating to legislation, administration, democracy, political participation and social problems. Taking these specific consultation forms as the base, China conducted extensive consultations on major issues in social and economic development and specific problems concerning the immediate interests of the people, so as to reach and enhance agreement. As an important channel of consultative democracy, the CPPCC vigorously promotes consultative democracy, innovates consultation forms categorized by specialized topics, connecting all social circles, relying on special committees and by means of panel discussions; actively conducts consultations on particular topics, between representatives from relevant sectors of society, between parties with common concern, and with relevant departments in the handling of proposals. It promotes diversified consultation activities, invites responsible persons of related departments to listen to opinions and proposals directly, so as to transform such opinions and proposals into tangible results. The CPPCC makes specific plans for consultation topics, forms and activity organizations every year. In 2013, it carried on and innovated the biweekly "consultation symposium" mechanism, and conducted consultations on macroeconomy, architectural industrialization, protecting the interests of workers and staff members, deepening the reform of scientific and technological systems, enhancing automobile exhaust control and other topics. |
| 基層民主依法有序推進(jìn)，公民選舉、基層自治等權(quán)利的保障得到進(jìn)一步強化。2013年，《中華人民共和國村民委員會選舉規(guī)程》發(fā)布實施，進(jìn)一步明確和細(xì)化了村委會換屆選舉的各項程序和要求。無記名投票、公開計票全面實行，秘密寫票處普遍設(shè)置，競職演講、治村演說廣泛推行。全國98%的村制訂了村規(guī)民約和村民自治章程，群眾參與村務(wù)決策管理的水平大幅提升。截至2013年，全國城鎮(zhèn)普遍進(jìn)行了7輪以上的社區(qū)居民委員會換屆選舉。社區(qū)中業(yè)主管理委員會等社會組織和志愿者組織在社區(qū)自我民主管理中發(fā)揮越來越大的作用。 | Community-level democracy is being advanced in an orderly manner, and protection of electoral rights and community-level autonomy have been further strengthened. In 2013 the Procedures of the People's Republic of China on the Election of Villagers' Committees was promulgated and implemented, which further specifies the procedures and requirements of villagers' committee elections. Secret ballot and open vote-counting are fully practiced; secret ballot booths have been set up; and campaign speeches and village governance speeches are being extensively promoted. Now, 98percent of villages in China have formulated village regulations, villagers' agreements and rules for self-governance by villagers; villager's participation in decision-making and management of their own affairs has been improved by a large margin. By the end of 2013 cities and towns throughout China had held seven rounds of general elections for community residents' committees. Proprietors' management committees and other non-government and volunteer organizations are now playing a greater role in community democratic self-governance. |
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