??????? 當(dāng)我們判定一個(gè)句子是肯定還是否定,我們多會(huì)首先從形式上加以裁判。在漢語里有“不”“非”等,在英語里有“no”“not”等來表示否定;用“是”“yes”來表示肯定。
???????句中使用了表示否定意義的詞的句子為否定句,反之則為肯定句。在絕大多數(shù)時(shí)候,句子的形式及其傳達(dá)的意義是統(tǒng)一的。然而,無論中文還是英文,都會(huì)出現(xiàn)由于表達(dá)的習(xí)慣,語氣的不同以及修辭等目的,用否定句式表達(dá)肯定含義,用肯定形式表達(dá)否定含義的“言不由衷”的情況。
???????在英語中,時(shí)常為了達(dá)到某種交際的目的而采取一種以否定句式來表達(dá)肯定含義的修辭方法,以加強(qiáng)語氣或使語氣更加委婉含蓄。我們常使用一些特殊的手段來達(dá)到此目的。
???????第一,詞匯和短語手段。
???????cannot / couldn't 或 can?/ could + 否定詞(not, never, hardly, scarcely, etc);
???????eg: I can't wait to see him. ( = I'm excited to see him.)
???????否定詞 no, not, little, nothing, none, nobody, etc 與 but, beyond, except, etc 連用。
???????eg: Nobody but Peter can do it well. ( = Only Peter can do it well.)
???????第二,使用一些特殊的句式。
???????否定形式的虛擬語氣句;
???????eg: If he had not study hard, he could not go to college now. ( = Thanks to his hard work, he is in college now.)
???????否定的一般疑問句;
???????eg: Don't you think we should try again? ( = I think we should try again.)
???????否定的特殊疑問句;
???????eg: There is a lift, but why not use the lift? ( = You should use the lift since there is a lift.)
???????含有過去時(shí)的 no sooner... than 等否定結(jié)構(gòu)的句子;
???????eg: No sooner had she got to Guangzhou, she called me. ( = She called me the moment she reached Guangzhou.)
???????含有 not + 表瞬間動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞 + till / untill 的短語或從句。
???????eg: He didn't come back till 12:00. ( = He came back at 12:00.)
???????與此同時(shí),又有一些肯定的句式表達(dá)著否定的含義。我們也借助一些詞匯和句型來達(dá)到此目的。
??????? 在名詞及短語中,常見的有absence(不在)、stranger(不熟悉);
???????eg: I am a stranger in this city. ( = I am not familiar with this city.)
???????動(dòng)詞及短語有escape(逃過)、ignore(忽略)、miss(錯(cuò)過);
???????eg: I missed the early bus. ( = I didn't catch the early bus.)
???????形容詞及短語有l(wèi)ast(不愿意的)、deaf to(不聽)、blind to(看不見);
???????eg: He is the last man I want to see. ( = I don't want to see him at all.)
???????介詞及短語except、instead of;
???????eg: I'd like all kinds of food except noodle. ( = I don't like noodle.)
???????在復(fù)合句中包含before引出的狀語從句。
???????He left before I got there. ( = When I got there he wasn't there.)
???????英語中為表達(dá)否肯含義的肯否句式精彩紛呈。了解、熟悉并掌握這些表意手段不僅可以幫助我們正確地理解英文,還可以豐富我們的表達(dá)手段。以肯表否或以否表肯的語言現(xiàn)象說明,學(xué)習(xí)語言不僅要注意語句的表層結(jié)構(gòu)(surface structure),更要研究其深層結(jié)構(gòu)(deep stucture),即要研究其形式和傳達(dá)的意義之間的各種不同類型的生成關(guān)系,切不可不求甚解,望文生義,將語句誤解或錯(cuò)用。
(來源:英語寫作網(wǎng)) |