《2013年中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)的進(jìn)展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2013
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 八、環(huán)境權(quán)利 | VIII. Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment |
| 2013年，中國(guó)針對(duì)高速發(fā)展帶來的環(huán)境和生態(tài)問題，繼續(xù)大力推進(jìn)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)，不斷建立健全環(huán)境保護(hù)制度體系，增強(qiáng)環(huán)境治理和生態(tài)保護(hù)力度，以解決損害群眾健康的突出環(huán)境問題為重點(diǎn)，嚴(yán)肅查處懲戒污染環(huán)境的違法和犯罪行為，保障人民享有良好環(huán)境的權(quán)利。 | Aiming to solve the environmental and ecological problems caused by the country's rapid economic growth, the Chinese government continued to promote ecological progress in 2013, constantly improving environmental protection systems and enhancing environmental management and ecosystem preservation. Focusing on solving the major environmental problems that seriously endanger people's health, it investigated and punished harshly illegal pollution and environmental crimes, so as to safeguard people's right to a healthy and clean environment. |
| 生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)的規(guī)劃和機(jī)制進(jìn)一步完善。國(guó)家制定和實(shí)施《化學(xué)品環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防控“十二五”規(guī)劃》、《大氣污染防治行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》、《京津冀及周邊地區(qū)落實(shí)大氣污染防治行動(dòng)計(jì)劃實(shí)施細(xì)則》、《京津冀及周邊地區(qū)重污染天氣監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警方案》、《華北平原地下水污染防治工作方案》、《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能區(qū)環(huán)境保護(hù)和管理的意見》、《實(shí)行最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度考核辦法》、《關(guān)于加快推進(jìn)水生態(tài)文明建設(shè)工作的意見》等一系列環(huán)境保護(hù)文件。發(fā)布國(guó)家環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)135項(xiàng)，使現(xiàn)行有效國(guó)家環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)達(dá)1,499項(xiàng)。 | The planning and mechanisms for protecting the environment and ecosystems is being furthered improved. China formulated and implemented a series of policy documents and plans for environmental protection, including the Prevention and Control of Environmental Risks of Chemical Products, during the 12th Five-year Plan Period (2011-2015), Action Plan for Preventing and Controlling Air Pollution, Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Action Plan for Preventing and Controlling Air Pollution in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and the Surrounding Areas, Plan for Monitoring and Early-warning of Heavily Polluted Weather in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and the Surrounding Areas, Work Plan for Preventing and Controlling Groundwater Pollution in the North China Plain, Opinions on Strengthening Environmental Protection and Management in Key National Ecological Function Zones, Methods for Assessing the Implementation of the Strictest Management System of Water Resources and Opinions on Accelerating Progress in Water Ecological Systems. With 135 newly issued items in 2013, China had a total of 1,499 items of national criteria for environmental protection currently in effect. |
| 國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)部與31個(gè)?。▍^(qū)、市）簽訂了大氣污染防治目標(biāo)責(zé)任書。推進(jìn)環(huán)保重點(diǎn)城市和環(huán)保模范城市PM2.5監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)建設(shè)。2013年完成西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略環(huán)境影響評(píng)估，啟動(dòng)中部地區(qū)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略環(huán)境影響評(píng)估。對(duì)重點(diǎn)控制區(qū)火電、鋼鐵、石化、水泥、有色、化工等六大行業(yè)以及燃煤鍋爐項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行大氣污染物特別排放限值。環(huán)保部、保監(jiān)會(huì)聯(lián)合制定了《關(guān)于開展環(huán)境污染強(qiáng)制責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)試點(diǎn)工作的指導(dǎo)意見》，規(guī)定涉重金屬企業(yè)、按地方有關(guān)規(guī)定已被納入投保范圍的企業(yè)、其他高環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)企業(yè)3類企業(yè)必須強(qiáng)制投保社會(huì)環(huán)境污染強(qiáng)制責(zé)任險(xiǎn)。啟動(dòng)第二批10個(gè)?。▍^(qū)）環(huán)境功能區(qū)劃編制試點(diǎn)，在內(nèi)蒙古、江西、廣西和湖北4?。▍^(qū)）開展生態(tài)紅線劃定技術(shù)試點(diǎn)。建立全國(guó)大氣污染防治部際協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制、長(zhǎng)三角區(qū)域和京津冀及周邊地區(qū)大氣污染防治協(xié)作機(jī)制。水資源管理責(zé)任與考核制度進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)和落實(shí)。建立最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度考核組，31個(gè)省（區(qū)、市）建立行政首長(zhǎng)負(fù)責(zé)制，“三條紅線”考核指標(biāo)分解工作基本完成。啟動(dòng)《水資源保護(hù)規(guī)劃》編制，完成重要江河湖泊水功能區(qū)納污能力核定，提出了分階段限排方案。 | The Ministry of Environmental Protection of China has signed target responsibility agreements for preventing and combating air pollution with 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government). The Chinese government has promoted the building of PM2.5 monitoring stations in key and model cities for environmental protection. It completed the assessment of environmental impacts of the western China development strategy in 2013, and launched the assessment of environmental impacts of the central China development strategies. Limitations on air pollutants were imposed for the thermal power, steel, petrochemical, cement, non-ferrous metal and chemical engineering industries as well as coal-fired boiler projects in key control areas. The Ministry of Environmental Protection and China Insurance Regulatory Commission jointly developed the Guidelines for the Pilot Projects of Compulsory Environmental Pollution Liability Insurance, stipulating that enterprises connected with heavy metals, enterprises that had been insured according to local regulations and other high-environmental-risk enterprises must take out environmental pollution liability insurance. The second stage of experiments in environmental function zoning was launched in ten provinces (autonomous regions), and the experiment for ecological red-line demarcation technology was launched in Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi, Guangxi and Hubei. The state set up an inter-ministry coordination mechanism for preventing and controlling air pollution and a cooperative mechanism for preventing and controlling air pollution in Yangtze River Delta areas and Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and the surrounding areas. The liability and assessment system for water resources management was put into effect. Inspection teams for the implementation of the strictest management system of water resources was set up in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), with the local government head assuming responsibility. The targets of the "three red lines" (for water resources exploitation, water efficiency and pollution in water-related zones) were further divided and assigned. China began devising the Plan of Water Resources Protection, finished the measurement of assimilative capacities of major rivers and lakes, and proposed a phased schedule for emission limitations. |
| 生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)投入進(jìn)一步加大。2013年全國(guó)財(cái)政節(jié)能環(huán)保投入3,383億元，同比增長(zhǎng)14.2%。制定實(shí)施《國(guó)家環(huán)境監(jiān)管能力建設(shè)“十二五”規(guī)劃》。開展水質(zhì)較好湖泊生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)試點(diǎn)，中央投入資金16億元。國(guó)務(wù)院審議通過了《水質(zhì)較好湖泊生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)總體規(guī)劃（2013年－2020年）》。國(guó)家重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移支付資金達(dá)423億元，范圍擴(kuò)大到492個(gè)縣。中央財(cái)政投入25億元用于重金屬污染治理，首批投入50億元大氣污染防治專項(xiàng)資金支持北京、天津、河北、山西、山東、內(nèi)蒙古等六?。▍^(qū)、市）治理大氣污染，投入60億元專項(xiàng)資金支持農(nóng)村環(huán)境綜合整治。 | Funds used for environmental protection is being increased. The Chinese government provided some 338.3 billion yuan in 2013 for conserving energy and protecting the environment, seeing a 14.2 percent year-on-year growth. The Plan of Capability Development in Environmental Monitoring during the 12th Five-year Plan Period was drawn up and implemented. The central government put 1.6 billion yuan into a pilot project for protecting the environment and ecosystems of lakes with good water quality. The State Council reviewed and passed the Overall Plan for Protecting the Environment and Ecosystems of Lakes with Good Water Quality (2013-2020). The transfer payment for key ecological function zones reached 42.3 billion yuan, covering 492 counties. The central government also spent 2.5 billion yuan on combating heavy metal pollution, the first portion of five billion yuan used to support air pollution control in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and Inner Mongolia, and six billion yuan used to improve the comprehensive environment in rural areas. |
| 環(huán)境保護(hù)措施進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。2013年,全國(guó)新建國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)21處，已有海南、黑龍江、安徽等16個(gè)?。▍^(qū)）開展生態(tài)省（區(qū)）建設(shè)，1,000多個(gè)市（縣）開展生態(tài)市（縣）建設(shè)，建成國(guó)家級(jí)生態(tài)市（縣）55個(gè)、國(guó)家級(jí)生態(tài)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)2,986個(gè)。在全國(guó)46個(gè)城市（區(qū)）啟動(dòng)水生態(tài)文明城市建設(shè)。全國(guó)城市園林綠地面積達(dá)到2,367,842公頃，綠化覆蓋率達(dá)39.59%，人均公園綠地面積達(dá)12.26平方米。在第一批74個(gè)城市496個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)位實(shí)時(shí)發(fā)布細(xì)顆粒物（PM2.5）等六項(xiàng)污染物監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的同時(shí)，完成第二批116個(gè)城市開展細(xì)顆粒物（PM2.5）等污染物監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)位的建設(shè)任務(wù)，并開始實(shí)時(shí)發(fā)布監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)。深化重點(diǎn)流域水污染防治。加強(qiáng)流域水資源保護(hù)，啟動(dòng)國(guó)家水資源監(jiān)控能力建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，建設(shè)取用水戶、水功能區(qū)、省界斷面共1.4萬(wàn)個(gè)國(guó)控監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)，對(duì)全國(guó)175個(gè)重要飲用水水源地實(shí)現(xiàn)在線監(jiān)測(cè)，使全國(guó)70%以上的許可取用水量、80%以上的重要水功能區(qū)、重要省際河流省界斷面水質(zhì)情況得到有效監(jiān)測(cè)。制定《水功能區(qū)管理辦法》，強(qiáng)化分級(jí)分類監(jiān)管。七大水系的577個(gè)水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)斷面中，Ⅰ－Ⅲ類水質(zhì)斷面占66.7%，劣Ⅴ類占10.8%，分別比2012年上升2.6個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，下降1.5個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。 | Environmental protection measures are being furthered enhanced. In 2013 China set up 21 national nature reserves. Some 16 provinces (autonomous regions), including Hainan, Heilongjiang and Anhui, launched the Ecosystem-friendly Province (autonomous region) Project and over 1,000 cities (counties) launched the Ecosystem-friendly City (county) Project, with a total of 55 national-level ecosystem-friendly cities (counties) and 2,986 national-level ecosystem-friendly townships being set up. In addition, 46 cities (districts) launched the Water Ecosystem-friendly City Project. China's urban green areas reached 2,367,842 ha, covering 39.59 percent of the total urban land, with the per capita green area in public parks being 12.26 sq m. When 496 monitoring stations in 74 cities gave real-time updates of monitoring data of six pollutants, including fine particles (PM2.5 particles), a second batch of 116 cities were also building pollutant-monitoring stations and began providing real-time updates. The state deepened the prevention and control of water pollution in key basin areas. In order to strengthen water resources protection in basin areas, it launched the projects to enhance water resources monitoring capacity, established 14,000 national monitoring stations in water-consuming units, water function zones and provincial borders, and achieved online water-quality monitoring in 175 key drinking water source areas, so as to put water quality of over 70 percent of water volumes used with permission, 80 percent of key water function zones and all major inter-provincial and boundary rivers under surveillance. The state formulated the Management Measures of Water Function Zones, enhancing classified and categorized supervision and management. Among 577 water-quality monitoring sections in China's seven major river systems, 66.7 percent of water sections were graded in categories I-III, and 10.8 percent were graded as inferior category V, an increase of 2.6 percentage points and a decrease of 1.5 percentage points, respectively, compared with 2012. |
| 以大氣污染防治為重點(diǎn)，大力推進(jìn)工程減排。2013年以來，中國(guó)中東部地區(qū)多次出現(xiàn)大范圍霧霾天氣，引起全社會(huì)廣泛關(guān)注。2013年9月，國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)布《大氣污染防治行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》，提出減少污染物排放、推進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級(jí)、加快企業(yè)技術(shù)改造、調(diào)整能源結(jié)構(gòu)、嚴(yán)格節(jié)能環(huán)保準(zhǔn)入等35項(xiàng)具體措施，建立區(qū)域污染聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制，妥善應(yīng)對(duì)重污染天氣，動(dòng)員全社會(huì)力量參與大氣保護(hù)行動(dòng)，大力開展大氣污染防治工作，治理霧霾。2013年，全國(guó)3400萬(wàn)千瓦現(xiàn)役火電機(jī)組脫硫設(shè)施實(shí)施增容改造，燃煤電廠脫硫機(jī)組比例超過90%；新增脫硝機(jī)組2.05億千瓦，脫硝機(jī)組比例占全國(guó)火電總裝機(jī)容量的50%；2.03億千瓦現(xiàn)役火電機(jī)組拆除脫硫設(shè)施的煙氣旁路，無(wú)煙氣旁路運(yùn)行的脫硫機(jī)組占全國(guó)火電總裝機(jī)容量的46%；5.7億噸水泥熟料產(chǎn)能新建脫硝設(shè)施，已實(shí)施脫硝的水泥熟料產(chǎn)能占全國(guó)總產(chǎn)能的50%。2013年，化學(xué)需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、氮氧化物四項(xiàng)主要污染物分別同比下降2.93%、3.14%、3.48%、4.72%，其中氮氧化物排放量首次降至2010年減排基數(shù)以下。2013年全國(guó)新增城鎮(zhèn)（含建制鎮(zhèn)、工業(yè)園區(qū)）污水日處理能力1,194萬(wàn)噸，全國(guó)設(shè)市城市生活垃圾無(wú)害化處理率達(dá)到84.8%。 | Aiming to prevent and control air pollution, projects of emission-reduction by means of updating facilities are being greatly boosted. The large-scale smog in China's central and eastern areas since 2013 has caused great concern of the public. The State Council issued the Action Plan for Preventing and Controlling Air Pollution in September 2013, imposing 35 concrete measures, including reducing the emission of air contaminants, upgrading the industrial structure, speeding up enterprises' technical transformation, optimizing the energy mix, and applying strict criteria for energy conservation and environmental protection. China established a joint prevention and control system for regional pollution, promptly reacted to severe pollution days, mobilized the whole of society to participate in the actions of maintaining clean air, promoted air pollution control and reduced smog. In 2013 the desulfurization facilities of the active thermal power generating units with a capacity of 34 million kw were retrofitted to increase capacity, and the ratio of generating units with desulfurization facilities came to account for 90 percent of all generating units in China's coal-fired thermal power stations. A capacity of 205 million kw were retrofitted with generating units with NOx reduction facilities in the year, reaching 50 percent of China's total thermal installed capacity. The gas bypass of desulfurization facilities of thermal power generating units with a capacity of 203 million kw was cancelled, with the capacity of desulfurization generating units without gas bypasses accounting for 46 percent of the total thermal power installed capacity. Cement clinker plants with a capacity of 570 million tons were retrofitted with NOx reduction facilities, accounting for 50 percent of the total capacity. The emissions of four major pollutants-organic pollutants (measured by chemical oxygen demand), ammonia nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and NOx-decreased by 2.93 percent, 3.14 percent, 3.48 percent and 4.72 percent, respectively, compared with 2012, with the emission of NOx dropping below the 2010 reduction benchmark for the first time. The daily sewage treatment capacity in towns (including both incorporated towns and industrial parks) increased by 11.94 million tons in 2013, and 84.8 percent of the garbage in cities at all levels was made harmless after treatment. |
| 開展環(huán)保專項(xiàng)檢查，打擊環(huán)境污染犯罪。2013年，全國(guó)共出動(dòng)執(zhí)法人員183萬(wàn)余人（次），檢查企業(yè)71萬(wàn)余家（次），查處環(huán)境違法問題6,499件，掛牌督辦1,523件。對(duì)2012年度重金屬規(guī)劃實(shí)施情況考核不合格省份16個(gè)地市實(shí)行環(huán)評(píng)限批。新處置鉻渣30余萬(wàn)噸，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)鉻渣當(dāng)年產(chǎn)生當(dāng)年利用處置完畢。阻止17批次固體廢物非法入境。2013年1月1日實(shí)施的修訂后的民事訴訟法確立了環(huán)境公益訴訟制度，明確規(guī)定對(duì)環(huán)境污染、侵害眾多消費(fèi)者合法權(quán)益等損害社會(huì)公共利益的行為，法律規(guī)定的機(jī)關(guān)和有關(guān)組織可以向人民法院提起訴訟。2013年6月，最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院發(fā)布《關(guān)于辦理環(huán)境污染刑事案件適用法律若干問題的解釋》，從嚴(yán)打擊環(huán)境污染犯罪，并對(duì)環(huán)境監(jiān)管部門的“監(jiān)管失職罪”規(guī)定了追加處罰措施。2013年，全國(guó)公安機(jī)關(guān)共立案?jìng)刹榄h(huán)境污染案件779起，抓獲犯罪嫌疑人1,265名。全國(guó)各級(jí)檢察院起訴重大環(huán)境污染事故、非法采礦、盜伐濫伐林木等犯罪嫌疑人20,969人，在環(huán)境監(jiān)管、污染治理、生態(tài)修復(fù)工程建設(shè)等領(lǐng)域查辦職務(wù)犯罪1,290人，并通過督促起訴、檢察建議等方式推動(dòng)相關(guān)部門依法履行對(duì)環(huán)境資源的監(jiān)管職責(zé)。全國(guó)各級(jí)人民法院共受理環(huán)境污染犯罪案件134件，審結(jié)104件，依法追究刑事責(zé)任139人。最高人民法院還通報(bào)了紫金礦業(yè)集團(tuán)紫金山金銅礦重大環(huán)境污染事故案、云南陽(yáng)宗海重大環(huán)境污染事故案、重慶云光化工有限公司污染環(huán)境案以及胡文標(biāo)、丁月生投放危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì)污染環(huán)境犯罪等典型案件。 | Specialized environmental-protection inspections are being conducted, and environmental crimes are being cracked down on. Some 1.83 million law-enforcement personnel were sent to inspect 710,000 enterprises in 2013, investigating and dealing with 6,499 cases of environmental violation and illegal activities, and handling 1,523 cases within a set time limit under the supervision of higher authorities. The central government paused project environmental approvals of 16 cities in the provinces that had failed the 2012 examination of the implementation of the Plan for Preventing and Controlling of Heavy Metal Pollution during the 12th Five-year Plan Period. More than 300,000 tons of chromium slag was treated in the year, almost equal the total discharged volume, and 17 batches of solid waste were prevented from illegal entry. The revised Civil Procedure Law, which went into force January 1, 2013, established the environment-related public interest litigation system, stipulating that law-designated governmental organs and organizations can legally challenge activities that damage the public interest, such as those polluting the environment and those infringing consumers' lawful rights and interests. According to the Interpretation of Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases of Environmental Pollution jointly issued by the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate in June 2013, environmental crimes will be harshly punished, and the environmental regulatory authorities' misprisions in environmental monitoring will be liable to extra punishment. In 2013 public security organs all over China filed 779 environmental cases and roped in 1,265 criminal suspects; people's procuratorates at all levels charged 20,969 suspects with major contamination accidents, illegally mining or illegally felling trees, investigated 1,290 officials for work-related crimes in projects concerning environmental monitoring, pollution control and ecosystems restoration, and required related government departments to fulfil their statutory duty of supervision according to law by means of prosecutorial advice and urging them to bring to light illegal conduct; people's courts at all levels accepted and heard 134 environmental cases, with 104 concluded, and applied criminal sanctions to 139 persons. Moreover, the Supreme People's Court announced such typical cases of environmental-pollution crimes as the Zijin Mining Group's pollution spill at the Zijinshan Gold and Copper Mine, pollution accidents of Chengjiang Jinye Industry and Trade Co., Ltd. in Yunnan, a pollution accident of Yunguang Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. in Chongqing, and the dumping of hazardous substances by Hu Wenbiao and Ding Yuesheng. |
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